44. Hence it appears that in Hindústání the cases are expressed by little words like the English 'by,' 'of,' 'to,' 'from,' 'in,' etc.; but these in Hindústání, instead of being placed before, are placed after a noun to form a case. Thus the Agent

is expressed by ne placed after a noun.

45. The Genitive case is expressed by either ká, or ke, or ki, placed after a noun; the Dative by ko; the Ablative by se; the Locative by men, or par, or tak.

46. The Accusative (or Objective) is expressed either by ko like the dative, or, as in English, it is the same in form with the nominative.

47. The Vocative case is expressed by placing ai before a word, in the same way as 'O' in English.

48. The Nominative may be regarded as the first form of a word, and the only word in a sentence which is not in any case. If singular, it is always unchangeable in Hindústání.

49. So also the nominative plural of all masculine words in Hindústání which end in any other letter but á or a is unchangeable.

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50. But if a masculine word end in á or a then á or a are changed to e in the nominative plural; thus, betá, a son,' becomes bete, sons,' in the nominative plural, and banda, a slave,' becomes bande, 'slaves.' (Many learned Muhammadans, however, retain banda both in singular and plural.)

51. If a feminine word end in í it adds án in the nominative plural, as beți, a daughter,' becomes beți-ún, daughters.'

52. Note. In the same way, jorú, a wife,' makes jorú-án, 'wives.' Masculine words ending in í, like sipáhí, a soldier,' are of course unchangeable in the nominative plural.

53. If the word end in á or any other letter but ʼn or ú, and be feminine, then en is added in the nominative plural; thus, balá, 'evil,' becomes balá-en, 'evils,' and bát, a word,' becomes bát-en, 'words,' in the nominative plural.

54. Note.-Masculine words ending in á, like rájá, ‘a king,' are of course unchangeable in the nominative plural.

55. Nearly all masculine words ending in á change that letter to e in all the cases of the singular, as well as in the nominative plural.

56. Every noun in the language, of whatever gender, and whether ending in vowel or consonant, must add on in all the cases of the plural, that is in all other forms of the plural noun but the nominative.

57. The vocative plural, however, rejects the n and leaves o. 58. Taking then the four kinds of nominative plural at Rules 49, 50, 51, 53, we have four sorts or classes of nouns, two for the masculine, and two for the feminine.

59. Observe.—The nominative plural is the mark of difference between the four classes.

60.

FIRST DECLENSION.-MASCULINE NOUNS.

Like mard, a man,'

(Nom. Sing. Mard, a man. Agent, Mard ne, by a man. Gen. Mard ká, or ke, or ki, of

a man.

Dat. Mard ko, to a man.
Acc. Mard ko (or mard), a man.
Ab. Mard se, from a man.
Loc. Mard men, in a man.
Voc. Ai mard, O man.

(Nom. Plural. Mard, men.
Agent. Mardon ne, by men.
Gen. Mardon ká, or ke, or ki,
of men.

Dat. Mardon ko, to men.
Acc. Mardon ko (or mard), men.
Ab. Mardon se, from men.
Loc. Mardon men, in men.
Voc. Ai mardo, O men.

61. A few masculine nouns in á and í may be declined like mard; as rájá, 'a king,' Khudá, 'God,' qází, ‘a judge,' bhá-ź, a brother.' The nominative plural of these will be the same as the singular, see. r. 66.

62. Púnw, a foot,' gánw, 'a village,' and nanw, 'a name,' of the first declension of masculines, change nw into on in the oblique cases plural; and the plural termination on is then dispensed with. A form pá-on, gá-on, ná-on, exists also for the singular and nominative plural.

This is the only declension which changes the final letter of

the noun.

64. Masculine nouns ending in á or a change those terminations to e in the oblique cases* singular and in the nominative plural, and to on in the other cases of the plural, except the vocative, which ends in o.

(Nom. Sing. Betá, a son.

Agent. Bete ne, by a son.

(Nom. Plural. Bețe, sons.
Agent. Beton ne, by sons.

Gen. Bete ká, or ke, or ki, of a Gen. Beton ká, or ke, or ki, of

son.

Dat. Bete ko, to a son.

Acc. Bete ko (or bețá), a son.

Ab. Bete se, from a son.

Loc. Bețe men, in a son.

Voc. Ai bețe, O son.

sons.

Dat. Beton ko, to sons.

Acc. Beton ko (or bețe), sons.
Ab. Beton se, from sons.

Loc. Beton men, in sons.
Voc. Ai beto, O sons.

65. Similarly, banda, 'a slave;' gen. sing. bande ká, -ke, -ki; nom. pl. bandet; gen. bandon ká, -ke, -ki, etc. Words ending in ya generally change ya into e instead of into ye; thus, kiráya, 'hire,' makes kirá-e ká instead of kiraye ká. The word rúpiya, 'a rupee,' is either rúpiye, rúpa-e, rupaye, or rupai, in the inflected singular and nom. plural.

66. A few masculine nouns derived from the Sanskrit, Persian, or Arabic, preserve their finals unchanged like mard in the sing. and nom. pl. In the other cases they add on to the final: thus, rájá, 'a king;' Nom. rájá; Gen. rájá ká, -ke, -kí; Nom. pl. rájá; Gen. rájá-on ká, -ke, -kí, etc. Similarly, Khuda, 'God,' gada, a beggar,' dáná, 'a sage,' pita, 'a father,' daryd, 'a river,' mullá, 'a teacher,' lálá, a master,' bábú, 'a father.'

67. Observe-á and ah as the final of feminine nouns also remain unchanged in the sing., but in the nom. pl. add en; see rr. 73, 75.

68. Baniyán, 'a shopkeeper' (for the more common baniya), is treated as if ending in a, and makes in the gen. case either baniyen ká or baniye ká. So

*The oblique cases are all the cases except the nominative.

† But the sing. banda can be used for the nom. plur.

also, ro-án, ‘a hair,' makes ro-en ká, etc. This rule applies to one or two other similar nouns.

69.

THIRD DECLENSION.-FEMININE NOUNS.

Like beți, a daughter.'

Feminine nouns ending in 2, and indeed all other feminine nouns, are declined like mard of the first declension, excepting in one case, the nom. pl., where those in ʼn add án, and those of the fourth declension ending in any other letter add en: see rr. 72, 73.

70. Hence it appears that the third and fourth declensions hardly deserve to be considered different from the first, as they only differ in the nom. plural. (Nom. Sing. Beți, a daughter. | (Nom. Pl. Beți-án, daughters. Agent. Beti ne, by a daughter. Ag. Beți-on ne, by daughters. Gen. Betí ká, or ke, or ki, of a Gen. Beth-on ká, or ke, or kí, daughter. of daughters.

Dat. Beth ko, to a daughter.

Dat. Beți-on ko, to daughters..

Acc. Beti ko (or beți), a daughter. | Accus. Beți-on ko (or beți-án),

Ab, Beti se, from a daughter.
Loc. Beti men, in a daughter.
Voc. Ai beti, O daughter.

daughters.

Ab. Beți-on se, from daughters.
Loc. Beth-on men, in daughters.
Voc. Ai beți-o, O daughters.

71. Jorú, 'a wife,' like beți, makes jorú-án in nom. plural.

72.

FOURTH DECLENSION.-FEMININE NOUNS.

Like bát, a word,' balá, 'evil.'

(Nom. Sing. Bát, a word.

Agent. Bát ne, by a word. Gen. Bát ká, or ke, or ki, of a word.

Dat. Bát ko, to a word.
Ace. Bút ko (or bát), a word.
Ab. Bát se, from a word.
Loc. Bát men, in a word.
Toc. Ai bát, ( word.

(Nom. Plural. Bát-en, words.
Agent. Báton ne, by words.
Gen. Báton ká, or ke, or ki, of
words.

Dat. Báton ko, to words.
Acc. Báton ko (or báten), words.
Ab. Báton se, from words.
Loc. Báton men, in words.
Voc. Ai báto, O words.

73. Like bát, are declined feminine nouns in d; as, balá, 'evil,' nom. . pl. balá-en, gen. pl. balá-on ká, etc.; and all other feminine nouns excepting those ending in í, which constitute the third declension. Gá-e, f. 'a cow,' makes gá-en in the nom. pl.; and resembles gánu, 'a villager,' (r. 62) in making gá-on in the oblique plural.

74. A few feminine nouns in iyá form their nom. pl. by adding n instead of en thus, thiliya, 'a water-pot;' nom. pl. thiliyán.

75. Observe.-Nouns of two short syllables, the latter of which encloses short a, may drop the a in the oblique cases plural; as, jagah, f. 'a place,' gen. pl. jaghon ka or jagahon ká. Similarly, baras, m. a year,' barson ká. The nom. pl. of jagah is said to be jaghen; but the nom. sing. may be used for the nom. pl., as in the case of nouns ending in the imperceptible h, like malika, a princess,' fátiḥa, an opening prayer:' see also r. 65, note.

·

76. Note.-Persian and Arabic nouns sometimes adopt the Persian pl. termination án for animate objects, and há or (Arabic) át or ját for inanimate; as, sáqi-án, 'cup-bearers,' sálhá, 'years,' súbaját, 'provinces.' These terminations may occur in Persian phrases where the izafat (r. 28) is used, as mádar-i-bráhmanán, 'mother of the Brahmans,' for the Hindústání má bráhmanon kí. In one or two words án is used for the plural of inanimate objects; as chirágán, 'lamps.'

OF THE THREE WAYS OF FORMING THE GENITIVE.

77. In all Hindústání nouns the genitive is formed in one of three ways, either, firstly, by adding ká; or, secondly, by adding ke; or, thirdly, by adding ki. It is most important, then, to know whether ká, ke, or ki, has to be used, and in order to explain this subject more clearly, we will, for shortness, call the noun which is in the genitive case (formed by the addition of either ká, ke, or ki) the genitive noun. And, first, let it be noted, that as words ending in á are generally masculine, and those ending in feminine, so in the same manner ká is masculine, and ki feminine; but we are not, therefore, to suppose that when a word is masculine it must take ká, and when feminine take ki, to form the genitive.

.

78. In truth the choice of ká, or ke, or kí, to form the genitive, has nothing to do with the gender of the genitive noun itself, but only with the gender of that other noun in the sentence