(záhir) and not suppressed (makhfiy); thus, ، girih-i-sakht, a hard گره سخت shah-i-buxurg, a great king .koh-i-nr, ' the mountain of light كوه نور ,knot 29. TO BE TRANSPOSED INTO ENGLISH LETTERS. اب, ابد, اعظم, إمام إمارت اكتيس, اجل,اجابت آثار اثر ابدال, آئین, آهو, اعضا بادل, باد, باج, باتي بابو بیاه بابت, باپ بیاد باب, باکره بهائي,بيس, بيخ و بسنت, بدن, بتي,, بچه, بانه, بن, پات, پاپ, پتھر ي بيوتنا يُنبه پیچ, تخم, تلخ, تجاوز, تثير, تات, تابعدار تابع, تاب, تنبيه, تكلف, تأسف, تعويد, تهاكر, تهتهول پیج وں ته, تهندا, ثمره, ثالث ثابت, جيبه, جهنجهلانا, جوتا جناح, جگر, جفا, جبر, جب چچا چاه,چتر, چپ, چھوٹا چیخ, چهره, چهاتي, حفاظت, حوصله حجت, حجام حجاب, حامل, حالت, خیانت, خفا, خسته, خمر, خاوند خاک, خام, خیرات در مندِرم در داغ داد دیدار دهونا, دهشت ڈال ڈاک ذکر ذلیل رزاق رخ رحم رات را ریاضت ریخته رفاقت زبان زنانه, زن, زشت , زاهد و سهل سانپ سُرخ سر سود سياهي وسيس و شهد شمع, شعر, شكم, شبيه , شارع, شاخ,صلاحاً صاف صید صبر ضرر و طهارت, طيش, طلا, طاوس طامع طرح ظلمت وظن لعهد, عريان,عذاب, عِبارت, عمر, عابد, عجب, عقد غذا غزا غله,غول,غور,فضيح, فاقه, فربه, فخر, قوس, قليل قصر, قرب كهود, گيلا, کورنش, كرسي کان گیران گهات گروه گزند گرم لاچار لئيم لهو ليل ولوته لحاظ ولاتلاف, ميخ مهيا مهارت موزه ملال, مشروع, نوم, نوح, نواب نبهانا نادم نجم, وحشت, وصف, وافر, والا,هيبت,هوش هلكا,هاته یاس یار باش یاد دار الخلافت خلاصة التواريخ, بسم الله الرحمن 30. TRANSPOSE INTO THE HINDUSTANI CHARACTER. Adá, áb, áj, aḥmaq, ádmí, iltifát, alqissah, ittilä’, i̇’timád, ulfat, udás, únț, bad, bág, báwar, balkih, bijli, bastí, billí, bahánah, padar, patá, phalná, pichhe, tabáh, taşdi, tasarruf, tafáwut, ta'ajjub, taufiq, tukrá, táng, sawáb, járá, jaház, jhúṭhá, jins, chiṭṭhí, chibillá, chhokrá, chiriyá, ḥadd, ḥirs, hilah, khabar, khwár, khauz, khair-khwáh, dám, dárú, diyánat, dhyán, dárhi, zabḥ, zauq, rutbah, ragbat, ranjidah, zíst, zambúr,* ziyán, subuk, sakht, sukhan, súraj, shurú', shukr, sarráf, za'if, ta'ám, totá, zulm, 'umdah, 'ilm, 'álam, 'uhdah, 'álí, 'uzr, gam, fauran, fașl, fazl, qadam, qaná`at, qá-im, kisht, karámat, khulná, kholná, garh, gehún, lutf, lá-iq, matlab, makhlaşı, mazhab, nizámat, náfi', ni'mat, wa'z, wa'dah, m before b or p becomes n when transposed into Hindústání. hunar, yáwari, árá-ish-i maḥfil, rú-e khúb, bandah-i wafádár, máhí-i daryá, 'awámm-un-nás, iqbál-ud-daulah, fi-l-ḥál, fi-l-wáqi”, ́núr-ul-'ain, ákhir-ul-amr. Ek roz ek zálim Bádsháh tanhá shahr se báhir gayá, aur ek shakhs ko darakht ke niche baiṭhá dekhá, aur us se púchhá, ki Bádshah is mulk ká kaisá hai, zálim hai, yá 'ádil? Us ne kahá, Bará hí zálim. Bádsháh ne púchhá, ki Tú mujhe pahchántá hai ? kahá, nahin. Phir sháh ne kahá, kih Main Bádsháh is mulk ká hún. Yih sunte hi wuh shakhs ḍará, aur sháh se púchhá, ki Tú mujhe jántá hai? Shah ne kahá Nahin. Tab us ne kahá, kih Main faláne saudágar ká beṭá hún, har mahine men tin tin roz diwánah hotá hún, áj ká roz usí tín roz se hai. Bádshah ne hans diyá, aur use kuchh nah kahá. GENDER OF NOUNS SUBSTANTIVE. Yih, sunkar 31. There is no neuter gender. All substantives are either masculine or feminine. Most names of living things in Hindústání will be known at once to be masculine or feminine from their meaning; thus, bețá, 'a son,' mard, 'a man,' qází, ‘a judge,' bhá-i, 'a brother,' rájá, 'a king,' are of course masculine; and beti, 'a daughter,' larki, 'a girl,' 'aurat, 'a woman,' are feminine. 32. As to the names of the things without life, it is not so easy to fix their gender in Hindústání. We may, however, lay down a few general rules for the guidance of the learner, as follows: : How to distinguish Feminine Nouns. 33. Nouns ending in í, t, sh, are mostly feminine; as, roți, 'bread,' bát, a word,' talásh, 'search,' dánish, 'knowledge.' 34. Many nouns in r and n are feminine; as, sarkár, ‘government,' talwár, 'a sword,' khabar, 'news,' bahár, 'spring,' sabr, 'patience,' qabr, ‘a grave,' fajr, 'morning,' qadr, 'worth,' nazr, 'a gift,' nazar, ‘sight,' khátir, 'heart,' fikr, 'thought,' 'umr, ‘life,' gor, 'a tomb,' lahar, 'a wave,' muhr, 'a seal,' nahr, 'a stream,' zanjir, 'a chain,' shamsher, 'a sword,' bhir, 'a crowd,' bher, ‘a sheep,' diwár, 'a wall,' ján, ‘life,' zubán, 'the tongue,' khizán, ‘autumn,' dúkán, 'a shop,' dástán, 'a story,' resmán, 'cord,' nán, 'bread,' zamin, 'the ground,' ástin, 'a sleeve,' jabin, 'the forehead,' gardan, 'the neck,' sozan or darzan, 'a needle:' but an almost equal number are masculine, see rule 39. 35. Arabic dissyllabic words beginning with ta, and having ź before the last consonant, are all feminine (except ta'wiz, 'an amulet'); as, tadbir, 'deliberation,' taqsir, a fault,' taşwir, 'a picture,' tashrif, 'honouring,' ta'lim, 'instruction.' 36. Except from r. 33 the following five masculine nouns in í; viz. pání, 'water,' ghi, 'clarified butter,' jí, 'life,' motí, 'a pearl,' dahí, 'curdled milk,' and a few others mostly derived from masc. or neut. Sanskrit nouns in i. Words like qází, ‘a judge,' bhá-í, a brother,' dándi, 'a waterman,' are necessarily masculine. 37. A few common exceptions in t and sh are also masculine; as, bakht, 'fortune,' bánt, 'a share,' but, 'an idol,' dánt, 'a tooth,' darakht, 'a tree,' dast, 'a hand,' dost, 'a friend,' gosht, 'meat,' khet, 'a field,' post, ‘skin,' sharbat, ‘a drink,' zarbaft, ‘brocade,' takht, ‘a throne,' waqt, ‘time,' yáqút, ‘a ruby,' 'aish, 'pleasure,' dosh, 'a fault,' farsh, ‘a carpet,' hosh, ‘sense,' naqsh, ‘a picture,' pádásh, retaliation, gash, stupor,' tarkash, 'a quiver.' The only masculines in ish are khalish (also f.) 'suspicion,' and bálish, ‘a pillow.' How to distinguish Masculine Nouns. 38. Nouns ending in a or á, or any other letter besides those mentioned at r. 33, are generally masculine; as, bachcha, 'the young of any animal,' banda, 'a slave,' daryá, ‘a river,' mulk, 'a country,' táj, 'a crown,' dil, 'the heart,' pánw, 'the foot,' sir, 'the head,' 'bág, 'a garden,' munh, 'the mouth,' gunáh, 'a fault.' 39. Many nouns in r and n are masculine; as, dar, ‘a door,' ghar, 'a house,' angúr, 'a grape,' shir, 'milk,' khár, 'a thorn,' 'uzr, 'excuse,' din, 'a day,' din, 'religion,' mihmán, ‘a guest,' badan, 'the body,' dáman, 'skirt,' darman, 'a remedy,' khirman, 'a store of grain,' á-in, a rule:' but see r. 34. 40. Arabic words of three syllables beginning with ta and having a medial consonant doubled, like tasarruf, 'expenditure,' -or beginning with ta and having a medial vowel lengthened, like tafáwut, difference,' the vowel u being enclosed in the third syllable are generally masculine. Also many Arabic words of two syllables beginning with i and having á in the last syllable, as insaf, 'justice.' A common exception, however, under the first head is the feminine word tawajjuh, 'favour.' 41. Except from r. 38 the following common feminine nouns: kitáb, 'a book,' shab, night,' talab, 'search,' tap, fever,' top, a cannon,' fauj, an army,' mauj, 'a wave,' subḥ, 'morning,' fath, 'victory,' ṭaraḥ, 'manner,' ṣaláḥ, 'counsel,' 'plan,' sulḥ, 'peace,' rúḥ, 'spirit,' shákh, 'a branch,' bekh, ‘a root,' mekh, a nail,' bad,' wind,' dád, 'a gift,' murád, 'desire,' yád, 'recollection,' faryád, 'complaint,' masjid, 'a mosque,' madad, 'assistance,' khirad, 'wisdom,' hamd, 'praise,' masnad, 'a throne,' nind, 'sleep,' ummed, 'hope,' 'id,‘a feast,' qaid, 'bondage,' áwáz, 'voice,' niyáz, 'petition,' chíz, 'thing,' mez, ‘a table,' sáns, 'a sigh,' majlis, 'an assembly,' jins, 'race,' hirs, 'avarice,' 'arz, ‘a petition,' tama', avarice,' tawaqqu', 'hope,' teg, 'a sword,' taraf, 'side,” kharif, ' autumn crop,' khalq, 'people,' raunaq, 'beauty,' bandúq, 'a musket,' şandúq, 'a box,' tariq, 'a way,' khák, 'dust,' dák, 'post,' poshák, 'dress,' nák, 'the nose,' kumak, 'aid,' ág, 'fire,' bág, 'a rein,' bang, 'voice,' táng, 'the leg,' jang, ‘war,' dál, pulse,' dál, ‘a branch,' maşal, 'proverb,' manzil, 'a day's journey,' 'a stage,' 'aql, wisdom,' naql, a story,' jhil, 'a lake,' shám, 'evening,' rasm, 'custom,' qism, 'kind,' 'sort,' qasam, 'an oath,' chashm (also m.) 'the eye,' qaum, 'a tribe,' bú, smell,' náw, ‘a boat,' dárú, 'medicine,' jilau, ‘retinue,' sipáh, 'an army,' nigah, 'a look,' jibh, 'the tongue,' ankh, 'the eye,' jagah, ‘a place.' 42. Except also a few feminine Sanskrit nouns ending in á, as kirpa, 'favour,' pújá, 'worship;' and a few feminine Arabic nouns in á, as balá, ‘evil,' hawá, ‘air,' 'lust,' khatá, 'fault,' ibtidá, 'beginning,' intihá, ‘end,' dunya, the world,' tamanná, a request,' saná, 'praise,' giza, 'food,' 'ața, 'a gift,' du'á, prayer,' qazá, 'fate,' adá, ‘performance,' daga, ‘deceit,' dawá, 'medicine,' hayá, 'shame;' and a few others, as thiliya, 'a water-pot,' dibiya, ' a small box,' parwá, 'care,' chá, 'tea.' 6 DECLENSION OF NOUNS. 43. The cases are expressed by certain prepositions, more properly called postpositions; as, |