Industry and Trade, Том 2Cosimo, Inc., 1.11.2006 г. - 488 страници British economist ALFRED MARSHALL (1842-1924) was one of the most prominent thinkers of his age, and his work influenced half a century of financial philosophy. Though the bulk of his work was completed before the turn of the 20th century, the global ramifications of World War I prompted him to reconsider his theories on international economics, and in 1919 he published the two-volume Industry and Trade. Here, in Volume II, he discusses. . how monopolies and competition impact prices . trusts and cartels in the American and German economies . the decline of class differences and advantages in industrial systems . unions, co-opts, and business federations . and much more. |
Често срещани думи и фрази
Adam Smith advantages aggregate American association Black Death Britain British British railways canals capital cartels causes century charges chief coal combination commerce Commission common companies competition considerable Corn Laws cost cotton course customers demand developed direct districts economic effect enable England English especially expense export fact favour Federal Trade Commission foreign German giant businesses Government hand important increase industry and trade influence instance interests Interstate Commerce Commission Joint Industrial Councils Joint Stock companies labour land less lines manufacturers material matters ment Mercantilist merchants methods monopolistic monopoly nearly needed obtained organization output particular partly passenger plant profits railway rates reason regard regulation relatively Report rival sell ships similar steel industry strong supply Syndicate tarif technical tendency things tion traffic transport trust wages Westphalian wheat whole Zollverein
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Страница 843 - First : In such investigation said Commission shall ascertain and report in detail as to each piece of property owned or used by said common carrier for its purposes as a common carrier, the original cost to date, the cost of reproduction new, the cost of reproduction less depreciation, and an analysis of the methods by which these several costs are obtained, and the reason for their differences, if any.
Страница 778 - The internal competition which takes place, soon does away with everything like monopoly, and by degrees reduces the price of the article to the minimum of a reasonable profit on the capital employed. This accords with the reason of the thing, and with experience.
Страница 615 - ... agreement made or act done in the course of export trade by such association, provided such association, agreement, or act is not in restraint of trade within the United States, and is not in restraint of the export trade of any domestic competitor of such association...
Страница 631 - That such act or acts be done with the intent of destroying or injuring an industry in the United States, or of preventing the establishment of an industry in the United States, or of restraining or monopolizing any part of trade and commerce in such articles in the United States.
Страница 778 - When a domestic manufacture has attained to perfection, and has engaged in the prosecution of it a competent number of persons, it invariably becomes cheaper.
Страница 615 - States or in restraint of the export trade of any domestic competitor of such association, or that an association either in the United States or elsewhere has entered into any agreement, understanding, or conspiracy, or done any act which artificially or intentionally enhances or depresses prices within the United States of commodities of the class exported by such association, or which substantially lessens competition within the United States or otherwise restrains trade therein...
Страница 694 - But the Labour of Seamen, and Freight of Ships, is always of the nature of an Exported Commodity, the overplus whereof, above what is Imported, brings home mony, &c. Reasons 5. Those who have the command of the Sea Trade, may A£L...
Страница 728 - The only trades which it seems possible for a joint stock company to carry on successfully without an exclusive privilege are those of which all the operations are capable of being reduced to what is called a Routine, or to such a uniformity of method as admits of little or no variation.
Страница 783 - The laboring classes generally, in the manufacturing districts of this country, and especially in the iron and coal districts, are very little aware of the extent to which they are often indebted for their being employed at all to the immense losses which their employers voluntarily incur in bad times, in order to destroy foreign competition, and to gain and keep possession of foreign markets.