Pan's-pipes or the syrinx was probably the origin of the organ (Class VI.). Organs are believed to have been first used in churches in 657. Fingerkeys are mentioned as early as 757, when Constantine sent one with that addition to Pepin, king of France. This was probably the organ erected at that date in the church of St Corneille at Compiègne. Hydraulic and pneumatic organs were soon introduced. Of the former, William of Malmesbury says: "The wind being forced out by the violence of the hot water, fills the whole cavity of the instrument, which, from several apertures, passing through brass pipes, sends forth musical notes.' Before the tenth century, those in England were more important than those abroad. Elfeg, bishop of Winchester, got one in 951 for his cathedral, and this was the largest then known. In the eleventh century, Theophilus, a monk, wrote a treatise on organ-building, but the organ did not assume its present form until the middle of the fifteenth century. Half-notes were introduced about that time, and in 1470, a German named Bernhard added pedals or foot-keys. In 1641, a great many fine instruments were destroyed, and at the Restoration it was necessary to introduce foreign builders into England. Bernard Schmidt (or Father Smith) and his nephews came at that time. There is a chamber organ by him, probable date 1670, at South Kensington. The Schmidts and the Harrises, also celebrated organbuilders, had a trial of skill at the Temple Church, each family erecting an instrument; Lord Chancellor Jeffries gave his decision in favour of the Schmidts, who have organs at Christ Church and St Mary's, Oxford; Trinity College, Cambridge; St Margaret's, Westminster; St Clement's Danes, St Paul's Cathedral, and Southwell Minster. Schmidt's son-in-law, Schreider, built the organs at Westminster Abbey and St Martin's-in-theFields. Though the continental church organs may appear to have more stops than ours, many of these are only half-stops. In fact, as has been said, 'we possess some which, in regard to the greater calibre of the pipes, and power of every kind, surpass any foreign instrument.' There are fine organs of this kind at York Minster and the Town-hall, Birmingham, the former having more than 4000 pipes.

A great deal of discussion has arisen respecting the meaning of the word 'pair' when applied to organs in old inventories. Douce thinks an organ was so called when it had two rows of pipes; but when that was the case, the word 'double' was used. One antiquary thinks it means the fixed and portable organs united; another, an organ with two rows of keys; but the term was used before more than one row of keys was known. A payre of orgongs' occurs in a churchwarden's account for 1444. We think the opinion of Mr T. L. Southgate (Essex Archæological Society's Transactions, iv. 161) the correct one-namely, that it means simply a complete one, being identical with 'set,' as a pair of scissors, a pair of cards, a pair of spectacles, &c. The 'portative' mentioned in inventories is a small portable organ which could be carried in processions. Mr Southgate says it was sometimes used in churches to play the melody only of the cantus firmus. The fixed or positive organs were sometimes carried in procession, as in the cuts of the Triumph of Maximilian, engraved in 1516 by Burgmair. One of these

instruments is there represented being carried in a car, and being played upon by Hoffmaister, a celebrated organist.

An organ-harpsichord, with the inscription, 'Lodowicos Threwes me fecit 1579,' is exhibited at Kensington by Mrs Luard Selby of the Mote House, Ightham, Kent.*

Classes VII. and VIII. are devoted to miscellaneous instruments and ethnological examples. Respecting the latter, we transcribe a passage from the catalogue: Most of these instruments were probably made in the present century. They are, however, precisely similar to those which have been in use for centuries with the nations or tribes to which they appertain. Before the art of music has attained a somewhat high stage of development, its progress is generally remarkably slow. The ancient Egyptian and Assyrian monuments afford evidence proving that several musical instruments, popular at the present day in Western Asia, are almost identical with those constructed by eastern nations about three thousand years ago. Investigations have more and more elicited the fact that many of our own instruments are of eastern origin. It may therefore interest the musical inquirer to recognise in the primitive fiddle (rebab) the prototype of our Amati or Stradiuarius violin, or to regard the eastern harp and dulcimer (chang and santir) as the unpretending ancestors of our brilliant Erard harp and Broadwood grand pianoforte.' The whole collection at South Kensington is one of unusual interest, and will repay careful study.

IN THIRTY-FOUR CHAPTERS.--CHAPTER XIII.
Things bad begun make strong themselves by ill.

WE'VE got him! we've got him!' cried the Hen Doctor, running into the bank; we've found the young Sais-found him and Owen Gwyar in a cave. please; a hundred pounds for the reward, eh, Mr Cant punt, Mr Rowlands, bach. Cant punt, if you Rowlands!-Come, measure it out, John, bach; get your shovel, and measure it out.'

Rowlands looked sternly at the doctor. 'What nonsense,' he cried, about a hundred pounds ! Why should I pay you for finding the young Englishman? He's nothing to me.'

didn't Miss Winny promise I should have it?" Wasn't it cried in the street-Cant punt yrwobr;

"Then go to Miss Winny, and get it. Don't stay here bothering, doctor; how can we do our business with all this interruption?'

found him,' cried the doctor. Diaoul! I'm not "Then I'll go and take him back to where I to be robbed like this! Will you pay me the hundred pounds?' 'No; I won't.'

* The house whence this interesting relic came is of great interest. It is one of the most perfect examples remaining of an ancient moated manor-house. Some portions are as early as the time of Edward III.; and the house is built on a small island or eyte, which gave the name to the hamlet, Ightham, the hamlet of the eyte.' Richard III. gave the estate to Sir Robert Brackenbury; Hauts. The Selby family had it in 1592, but one of them but Henry VII. restored it to its former owners, the De dying without issue, left it, for the sake of the name,' to a Mr George Selby of London, temp. Charles I.

'Oh, very well; we shall see,' said the doctor, turning away.

Where have they taken him to, doctor?' cried John the clerk, running after him.

'To Bodgadfan, to be sure. Miss Winny has taken care of him; trust her for looking after a young man!'

The banker looked at his clerk uneasily. 'It's better that way, master,' said the clerk after the doctor had disappeared; 'he's under your own eye there. You can take care of him, Mr Rowlands.' 'What do you mean, John ??

'Look here, master,' said John, following the banker into his private room; why shouldn't you put him into the Arthur's Bride? She's going round to Liverpool; a voyage will do the young gentleman good.'

'That will do nothing for me, John-a week's delay at farthest.'

'A week may be everything, Mr Rowlands. You can't meet this draft to-day; to-morrow, perhaps, you will. The Gwynhyfyn rents are coming in; you can realise your securities. If nothing gets wind, you may be safe in a week.'

'If nothing gets wind! O John! that chattering doctor will ruin me, I know. And then the money I shall have to pay for Menevia's Pride, and the losses I shall have with Arthur's Bride; oh!' 'Look here, master; why shouldn't you make something out of that Bride? She's not finished her voyage; she's driven in here by stress of weather. She sails again on her voyage; she's been strained; she springs a leak, she sinks; the crew and captain are saved; and so are you, Mr Rowlands, bach.

Yes, but that would be a miracle.' 'Well, indeed, Mr Rowlands, I always thought they were done that way: you, and I, and Captain Ellis-we could make a miracle amongst us.' 'John, do you know that I am a gentleman and an honourable man?'

'Yes, master; you are a gentleman to-day; but to-morrow, when the bank breaks, what will you be then? Why should you be so careful about these London underwriters? They make you pay heavy premiums on the very chance that you'll cast away your ship.'

66

Ah, John! but I should also be a castaway.' 'You will, if you are made a bankrupt. Now, come, master, all you have to do is, to write a paper: Captain Ellis will take John Jones' instructions as to the disposal of the Arthur's Bride." Then you give me a lien upon the ship for a thousand pounds, and then we draw our money when the vessel's lost.'

'But, John, it's like murder almost to sink a vessel. John, how dare you say such things to me? Get out of the room, sir, and thank your stars I don't dismiss you from the bank. It's horrible !' said the banker, shuddering.

John held his ground, however. 'Do you think, master,' he went on, that people would go on sailing ships if they didn't sink sometimes? Why, who makes anything out of a ship, now-a-days, unless he loses it? Do as everybody else does, master; and if you put the young Sais in the ship, you'll be killing two birds with one stone.'

'But, John, he's my guest! Why, all my father's kin would cry shame upon me from their graves if I betrayed the guest in my house.'

"That's it, master; you go on dreaming about the old world; and it's gone. What would your

father say, now, if he saw Miss Winny brought to poverty-going out to earn her bread-and she brought up to the best of living? And the bank! Oh, Mr Rowlands, bach, don't wreck the bank! Now, leave it to me, Mr Rowlands; only give me a note to Captain Ellis. Just write that little letter, and you shall know no more about it-not till you have the four thousand pounds jingling in the till. Come, master, write-write!'

John stood over his master with the pen in his hand. Rowlands fidgeted and shuffled among his papers. Promise me, John, if I sign this paper, that you'll do nothing illegal ?'

it.'

6

All right, master; you shall know nothing about

'You won't do anything wrong, John-anything that would be a crime-eh, John?'

'All right, Mr Rowlands, bach. Whatever it is, you won't know.'

'And the young man won't come to any harm?' 'You shan't know whatever, Mr Rowlands, bach.'

'I have your word, John-your solemn word?' 'Yes, indeed, master; not a word shall you ever know about it.'

"Then, here it is, John.-Stop! you

shan't have

it.' But John had snatched the paper from his master's hands, and now folded it up and put it in his pocket-book.

'John, you had no business to take that against my will.'

You mean against your courage, master-not against your will,' cried John with a sneer.

Rowlands turned round sharply, and examined the countenance of his clerk. There was something in the tone of the man's voice that struck him unpleasantly-a sort of covert menace; then he remembered this man was no longer a servant, but an accomplice, and he struck his hand to his forehead and groaned.

'O father, cried Winny, bursting into the room radiant and eager, we have found him, you know, and brought him home; and he is likely to get better soon-he seems such a nice fellow, and so good-looking! I didn't ask you, papa, about bringing him to Bodgadfan, because I knew you would be angry if he did not come to us; and I have put him in the terrace-room. Poor fellow! he was out all night on the mountain; but he's much revived now, and we'll take good care of him at Bodgadfan-won't we, papa?'

CHAPTER XIV.

I did not take my leave of him, but had
Most pretty things to say.

'And do you feel better now?' said Winny Rowlands, coming towards the hearth, where sat, in a big, soft easy-chair, covered with chintz, young Gerard Robertson, toasting by the fire. Old Nurse Roberts was pottering about, warming some slops over the hob. It was a snug little sitting-room, opening out of the terrace bedroom

all the snugger that the wind howled and rattled at the windows, and the surges hissed and rattled on the beach below, and the rolling swell that was tumbling over the harbour-bar hummed and boomed in far-away cadences of wrath. For all these sounds-distilled through the stout casements, through the snug, warm curtains, smothered

in the thick-piled carpet, buried in soft, downy cushions-rendered more grateful, by contrast, the warmth and colour of the room.

'I feel so much better, that I am ashamed of myself as a rank impostor. I have no business to be sitting here like an invalid, lapped up in down. Let me take myself off; I am quite strong enough.' 'Indeed, you shall do no such thing, Mr Robertson. I know too much about sprains and bruises to allow you to move out of this room for some days. I blame myself somewhat for allowing you to sit up at all; and at the slightest signal of insubordination, I shall order you off to bed again. Mary Roberts here is an inflexible instrument of my will.-Are you not, Mary?'

'Well, indeed, Miss Winny, you know best. Shall I put the young gentleman to bed?'

'Give him a little longer, Mary, please.-There, you see what sort of discipline you are under, Mr Robertson. I know your name, you see, though perhaps you don't know mine. I am Gwenhwyfor, the daughter of Evan Rowlands of Bodgadfan. You wonder how I know your name. It is written on your portmanteau, and I was curious enough to read it."

'You will pardon me if my rough Saxon tongue stumbles over names which flow so melodiously from yours'

'Nothing tends to inflammation so much as sarcasm, Mr Robertson; therefore, unless you desist, you go to bed.'

"Then teach me what to call you, my dear young lady-you who have been an angel of deliverance to me.'

'Hush! Well, the country people call me Merch Evan Rowlands Bank-or, if it's one of the old sort, perhaps Merch Vodgadfan, which is more poetical to my father, I am Winny; to the outside world, I am Miss Rowlands.'

"Then I must be an outsider,' said Gerard, with a sigh. It's a man named Rowlands, by the way, I've come down here to see; but I don't suppose he's anything to you.'

'Oh, if you want to identify any one here, you must know his territorial or official designation. Rowlands, by itself, is nothing. Do you know, they call my brother, Rowlands Stamp Office, and I don't like it.'

'Why,' said Gerard incautiously, that's the man I want.'

'Oh, how nice!' said Winny, clapping her hands. 'And to think you should come here wounded! We shall take double care of you, if you are a friend of Arthur's. Perhaps you have come to the wedding? In a week, he is to be married.'

'Married! Eh?'

'Yes. He is staying now at Llanfechan; and the bishop is there too, and he is going to marry them. He has come almost on purpose, because Mr Roberts-that's Mary's father-is such a friend of his. It must be very nice to be married by the bishop, don't you think?'

'Well, I don't know,' said Gerard. 'I think I wouldn't mind being married by the commonest curate, if the girl were to my mind.'

Mary Roberts is the prettiest girl in the county, and the most amiable; and we are all so pleased at the match! Papa goes down there to-morrow, I think; and I am going on the day before the wedding.'

Gerard sighed. It was very hard to have to upset all these plans, to bring ruin and misery into this pleasant, hospitable family. What could he do? He would feel all the kindness shewn him as so many shovels of hot coals upon his head. He must get away; he couldn't stand it any longer; and yet, how could he contrive to get away? The doctor would assist him, no doubtthat funny old fellow, who had helped to bring him here. If he would only come !

'I must really go away to-night, Miss Rowlands,' he said. 'I have to make an official visit to your brother; and though you are very kind, and I can't be sufficiently grateful to you, yet I really must go. I daresay the doctor could arrange for my being carried down to the hotel, even if I can't walk.'

'It's quite impossible,' said Winny. 'We should be barbarians, if we let you do it. The doctor will say the same.-Ah, here he is!'

He

The Hen Doctor came in without saying a word, and sat down by the fire with his hat on. began knocking the coals about with the poker in a very discontented mood.

Who's to pay me the hundred pounds?' he cried at last.

"What hundred pounds?'

"Why, the hundred pounds I was promised for finding this young man.

'Oh!' said Winny, clasping her hands, I forgot all about that; I forgot that I had offered a reward. Oh, papa must pay it !'

He won't! said the doctor sulkily.

'He will, when I explain it to him-that is, if you have earned it. I think Owen Gwyar should share it.'

'What nonsense!' cried the doctor. It was I who found the pair of them.'

'You don't mean to say you offered a reward for me?' said Gerard.

Yes, I did, on the spur of the moment. Do you think it was too much?'

'I don't think I'm worth a hundred pounds,' said Gerard. 'I should have great difficulty in raising that sum on myself. It's absurd, when you come to think of it. Why should you pay for finding me?'

And who, do you think, was going to find you for nothing, young man?' cried the doctor angrily. 'We didn't want you at Aberhirnant, I can tell you; no, indeed.'

'Come, doctor, take a five-pound note, and cry quits, and then help me to get down to the hotel; for I mustn't trespass upon the kindness of Mr Rowlands any longer.'

"Yah!' said the doctor angrily; 'keep your money in your pocket. Do you think nobody has got a five-pound note in his pocket but yourself? Look here!' he cried, thrusting his hands in his coat-pocket, to feel for the roll of notes, that he might flash them before the astonished Englishman. But he felt in vain. He turned all his pockets inside out.

Have you lost something, doctor?'

'Lost? I'm ruined!-Oh!' he said, with a great grunt of satisfaction, 'I remember now; I left them in my greatcoat pocket.'

"They'd be much safer in the bank, doctor,' cried Winny.

'Well, good-bye. I must leave you now. You won't think of letting your patient move for

No. 455.

THE GUARDIAN CAT. I HAVE grown tired of photography, partly because my fingers were continually black, partly because people who meant to praise me always said that my results were very good for the work of an amateur; but some years ago I was wild about it. My mania was to photograph bits of scenery and ruins which had never been focused before, and in seeking to indulge it, I was perpetually getting away into corners. The cornerest corner I ever explored in these rambles was in the west of England. The wildest parts of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales have a tourist taint about them; slimy touts and ciceroni have crawled over their surface with snail-like perseverance and stolidity, and left traces. But no one has ever written a hand-book of Dowd; no one would buy it if he did. Dowd has no scenery in particular, no waterfall, no antiquities of his torical or philosophical interest. There was a ruin indeed, but commonplace impecuniosity, not romantic war nor mysterious haunting, had caused its decay, and, what was more, a fellow lived in it; not a smuggler nor coiner either, but the rightful

owner.

I should not have found that out, if it had not been for a thunder-storm. I was hard at work with my apparatus and imagination-Ruin near Dowd, West Front;' 'Ruin near Dowd, supposed remains of Keep,' &c.-when the sky became so black, that you would have thought it was going to rain ink, and the first electric gun was fired. Now, Dowd, a village consisting of a farm, a few labourers' cottages, a forge, and a small beer-shop, not licensed to sell spirits, was quite four miles off. I had my knapsack, and some bread and cheese with me, so it was perfectly indifferent where I passed the day or the night, so long as I got shelter. Part of the roof seemed to be in good enough repair; so I struck my camera and little tent at once, and commenced an exploration of the interior, as the first drops began to make their half-crown-sized splashes. After penetrating the dilapidated outer walls, I ought to have seen that the kernel of the place was in a more habitable

PRICE 1d.

condition, for there had been an attempt at cultivating vegetables in an inner garden, and the framework of certain windows was glazed. But I was so eager to get my apparatus under shelter before the rain came on in earnest, that I noticed nothing of this, and so it happened that I blundered into a furnished apartment. Not that the furniture was extensive, but there was enough to swear by: a deal-table, three cherry-wood chairs, and a portrait of a gentleman, in oils, about totaled it. A man was sitting at the deal-table when I entered. He jumped up at the intrusion, and I saw that he was tall, young, thin, and dressed in a suit of shepherd's plaid considerably the worse for wear.

'I beg your pardon,' stammered I. I ran in out of the thunder-storm, not knowing that the house was inhabited.'

"You thought that a bat, or, at best, an owl, would be the only tenant of so tumble-down a place,' he said, smiling somewhat bitterly at my questionable apology; but come in. I have nothing besides shelter to offer you, I fear; but to that you are welcome.'

'A thousand thanks,' said I. 'I would not intrude on you, if it were not that I have been taking some large photographs, and do not wish them to be spoiled. Not that I am sorry to keep my skin out of such a deluge as this!'

For the storm had now burst with great fury. Flashes of lightning averaged about three to the minute; the thunder was rather a succession of explosions, than the normal roll; and the rain came down, as if all the gargoyles of Europe were having an international spouting-match overhead.

I deposited my traps in a corner, and immediately became aware of a third personage, hitherto unnoticed. This was a very large black cat, who emerged from under the table, stretched himself, and, without taking the slightest notice of myself, proceeded to examine my luggage with great interest. Do not tell me that he had no reason. The way he peered about, gently lifting up cloths, and letting them down again, alone proved the contrary. That he perfectly mastered the uses of the camera, I am not prepared to avow, but he