EMPE TRUM. Calyx 3-parted, persistent. Staminate flowers: petals 3, marescent; stamens 3; filaments long; anthers 2-parted. Pistillate flowers: germ superior, depressed; style 0, or very short; stigmas 9, reflexed, spreading: berry round, 1-celled. 2 to 6-seeded; seeds bony.

Ficus. Common receptacle fleshy (becoming the fruit), enclosing the apetalous florets; both staminate and pistillate, either in the same, or in distinct individuals. Staminate flowers: calyx 3-parted. Pistillate flowers: calyx 5-parted; pistil 1, lateral; seed 1, covered with the closed, permanent, somewhat fleshy calyx. (fig-tree.)

ORDER IV. TETRANDRIA.

VIS"CUM. Staminate flowers: calyx 4parted; corolla 0; anthers sessile, adhering to the calyx. Pistillate flowers: calyx 4leaved, superior; corolla 0; style 0; berry 1-seeded, globose; seed cordate; parasitic, adhering to trees. (mistletoe.)

MYRICA. Ament ovate, oblong; scales lunulate. Staminate flowers: stamens 4 to 6; anthers 4-valved. Pistillate flowers: germ 1; stigmas 2; drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. (bay-berry.)

BROUSSONE TIA. Staminate flowers: ament cylindrical, calyx 4-parted, Pistillate flowers: ament globose; calyx tubu. lar, 3 or 4 toothed; germ club-shaped; seed 1, covered with the calyx. (paper mulberry.) S.

XANTHOXYLUM. Staminate flowers: calyx 5-parted; corolla 0; stamens 3 to 6. Pistillate flowers: pistils 3 to 5; capsules equal to the number of pistils, 1-seeded. (pricklyash, or toothache-tree.)

HU'MULUS. Staminate flowers: calyx 5leaved; corolla 0; anthers with 2 pores at the extremity. Pistillate flowers: calyx 1leafed, entire, oblique, spreading; styles 6; seed 1, within the leaf like calyx; inflorescence strobile-form. (hop.)

NYS'SA. Perfect flower: calyx 5-parted; corolla 0; pistil 1; drupe inferior; nut 1seeded. Staminate flowers 5, 8, 10, or 12, inserted around a peltate gland. (pepperidge tree.)

3-parted; corolla 0; styles 0; stigmas 8. sessile; capsule 1-seeded. (water hemp.)

CANNABIS. Staminate flowers: calyx 5. parted. Pistillate flowers: calyx 5-leaved, entire, gaping laterally; styles 2; nut 2. valved, within the closed calyx. (hemp.) Ex.

SPINA CIA. Staminate flowers: calyx 5parted; corolla 0. Pistillate flowers: styles 4; seed 1, within the indurated calyx. (spinach.) Ex.

NEGUNDO. Calyx minute, unequally 4-5toothed; petals none; anthers 4-5, linear, sessile; pedicels of the staminate flowers capillary, fascicled from lateral aggregate buds; fertile flowers in racemes; samaras in pairs, diverging, 1-seeded; leaves compound, pinnately 3-5 foliate.

ORDER VI. HEXANDRIA.

SMILAX. Staminate flowers: calyx 6leaved; corolla 0; anthers adnate to the filaments. Pistillate flowers: style minute; stigmas 3; berry 3-celled, superior, 1-3-seeded. (green-brier.)

DIOSCORE'A. Staminate flowers: calyx 6-parted; corolla 0; styles 3; capsule 3celled, triangular, compressed; cells 2-seeded; seeds with membranaceous margins. (yam-root.) S.

GLEDITSCHIA. Perfect flowers: calyx 6 or 8-parted, deciduous, 3 or 4 of the exterior segments smaller; corolla 0; stamens 5 or 6, seldom 8; legume flatly compressed, 1 or many-seeded. Staminate flowers: calyx sub-turbinate, 5-8-parted; 3 to 5 of the seg. ments interior; stamens 6 to 8. (honeylocust.) S.

ORDER VIII. OCTANDRIA.

POPULUS. Staminate flowers: ament cylindric; calyx a torn scale; corolla turbinate, oblique, entire, supporting 8 to 30 stamens. Pistillate flowers: ament, calyx, and corolla, like the staminate; stigma 4 or 6 lobed; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, manyseeded; seed with egret-like hairs; leaves having a tremulous motion. (poplar, balm of Gilead.)

DIOSPY'ROS. Calyx 4 to 6-cleft, dilated, corolla urceolate, 4-6-cleft. Staminate flowers: stamens 8 to 16; filaments often with 2 anthers. Pistillate flowers: stigmas 4-5; berry 8-12-seeded. (date plum.) S.

HIPPO'PHÆ. Staminate flowers: perianth 4-cleft: stamens 8, alternating with 8 glands. Pistillate flowers: perianth superior campanulate; style 1; stigma oblique; berry 1seeded. (sea-buck-thorn.)

0; nectary with a 5-toothed disk; stamens 5; pistil 1; fruit a drupe. Staminate flowers vary only in having no pistil. (American oil-nut.)

tillate flowers: spatha 1-leaved, 1-flowered; calyx 3-leaved; corolla 3-petalled, with 6 glands between the petals; germ inferior; styles 6, 2-cleft; capsule 6-celled, manyseeded. S.

ORDER X. DECANDRIA.

GYMNOCLA'DUs. Staminate flowers: calyx tubular, 5-cleft; petals 5. Pistillate flowers: style 1; legume 1-celled, pulpy within; seed roundish, large, and hard. (coffee-bean.)

CAR'ICA. Staminate flowers: calyx minute; corolla funnel-form, 5-cleft; stamens alternately shorter, enclosed in the tube of the corolla. Pistillate flowers: calyx 5toothed; petals 5; stigmas 5; berry cucumber-form, grooved, 1-celled, many-seeded. (false papaw-tree.) S.

ORDER XII. POLYANDRIA. MENISPER MUM. Staminate flowers: ca

lyx 2-bracted, about 6-leaved, caducous; petals 6-9, glandular, minute, retuse; stamens 16-24; anthers adnate to the filaments, 4-lobed, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers: germs and styles 3-6; drupes mostly solitary, 1seeded; nut lunate, compressed.

CY'CAS. Staminate flowers: ament imbricated; scales spatulate, single; anthers globose, sessile, on a scale. Pistillate flow. ers: spadix compressed, 2-sided; perianth a scale.

ZA'MIA. Ament a strobile. Staminate flowers: scales obovate; anthers globose, sessile upon scales, opening by a fissure. Pistillate flowers: scales peltate; corolla none; germs 2; styles none; berries 2, 1-seeded.

shape from the barren. When old, the fruit often covers the whole frond. (fork-fern.)

HYPOPEL TIs. Fruit-dots roundish, hav ing a cup-form involucre beneath, divided into 5 or 6 irregular segments; capsules all sessile.

ASPID"IUM. Capsules in scattered, roundish fruit-dots, on various parts of the whole lower surface of the frond; involucrum a kidney-form, or round membrane, fastened to the frond in or near the centre of the fruitdot, and opening on all sides, or to one side of the fruit-dot, and opening on the other. The involucrum, when a little opened, is often peltate. (shield-fern.)

ASPLE'NIUM. Sori in lines parallel to each other, situated exactly upon the secondary veins of the frond; involucres opening inward. (spleen-wort, walking-leaf.)

SCOLOPEN"DRIUM. Sori linear, transverse, scattered; involucrum double, occuPying both sides of the sorus, superficial, at length opening longitudinally. (caterpillarfern.)

PTE'RIS. Capsules arranged in a continned line along the very margin of the frond; involucres opening inward, being formed of the inflexed margins of the fronds. When the leaves are extremely small, the rows of capsules on opposite sides meet and cover the lower surface. (brake.)

ADIAN TUM. Capsules disposed in oblong fruit-dots, arranged along the margin of the frond; involucrum is formed by turning back the margin of the frond over the cap. sules, and it opens inward. The lines of oblong spots are generally along that mar gin, which may be considered the end of the leaf, or of the segments of the leaf. (maidenhair.)

ORDER XV. MONODELPHIA. JUNIPERUS. Staminate flowers: ament ovate, whorled; calyx a peltate scale; anthers 4 to 8. Pistillate flowers: calyx 3parted; petals 3; styles 3; berry 1 or 2seeded; nut long, 1-celled, with balsamy glands at the base. (red cedar.)

covering the whole lower surface of the frond; involucrum formed by turning in or rolling back the margin of the leaf, which opens inward, in maturity, toward the midrib, or remains closed. The fertile leaves are contracted, and narrower than the bar. ren ones. (sensitive polypod.)

B.

Capsule without a ring-being cellularreticulate, pellucid, sub-striate, radiate at the tip.

CLASS XXI. CRYPTOGAMIA.

ORDER I. FILICES.

SCHIZA A. Capsules with radiating furrows at the top, somewhat turbinate, bursting laterally, sessile; involucrum continuous, formed of the inflexed margin of the unilateral spikes.

OSMUN"DA. Capsules globose, pedicelled, radiate-striate or wrinkled, having a hinge at the joining of the 2 valves, which resembles part of the jointed ring of annulated ferns; the capsules either occupy the whole frond, to a limited extent, or a panicled raceme. The parts of the frond occupied by

the fruit are always more contracted than the barren parts. (flowering fern.)

C. Capsule without a ring-being adnate at the base, sub-globose, coriaceous, not cellular, somewhat 2-valved.

OPHIOGLOSSUM. Capsules round, 1-ceired, opening transversely; they are placed on a somewhat jointed spike in two close rows. (adder-tongue fern.)

BOTRYCH"IUM. Capsules coriaceous, globose, 1-celled, smooth, adnate to each rachis of a compound raceme, separate; valves 2, connected behind, opening transversely. (grape fern.)

D. Sub-order, APTERES without pinnate, pinnatifid, or other winged leaves. LYCOPO'DIUM. Capsules mostly kidneyform, or roundish, 2 or 4 valved, opening elastically; they are placed under separate scales in a spike, or sometimes in the axils of the leaves; leafy, their stems being generally covered with 2, 3, or 4 rows of narrow, simple, entire leaves. (ground pine.)

EQUISE TUM. Fruit placed under peltate polygons, being pileus-like bodies, which are arranged in whorls, forming a spike-form raceme; 4 to 7 spiral filaments surround the seed, which resemble green globules. Fertile plants mostly leafless; the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at every joint, and usually longitudinally striated and hollow. (scouring-rush, horse-tail.)

SALVINIA. Involucres 4-9, imbricate, connate, resembling a 1-celled capsule; sporules inserted upon a central receptacle.

ORDER II. MUSCI.

FUNA'RIA. Teeth of the outer peristome* 16, cohering together at the apex and twisted obliquely; the inner peristome consists of 16 membranaceous hairs, opposite to the teeth, lying flatly.

POLYTRICHUM. Peristome very short; teeth 16, 32, or 64; mouth of the germ covered by a dry membrane, which is connected to it by the teeth of the peristome; calyptra very small, with a large villose or hairy covering.

ORDER III.

НЕРАТІСЕ.

MARCHANTIA. Receptacles pedicelled, radiate-lobed, disk-like, or bell-form, with the inside downward, to which the globose 4-valved capsules are attached with their apexes downward. The umbrella-like receptacle is elevated one or two inches by a stipe attached to the centre of its lower side, among the capsules and many pilose appendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, furnished with a midrib, and beset with villose roots on the under side, which attach themselves to the stones in brooks, to damp earth, &c.

JUNGERMAN"NIA. Capsules 4-valved, globose, elevated by peduncles or stipes from within a bell-form calyx. The fronds are

* The peristome is the membrane which appears round the mouth of the capsule of mosses, under the lid.

made up of finer leaves than those of the Marchantia, and are often mistaken for mosses, among which they generally grow.

ORDER IV. ALGE.

A. The section FUCOIDEE comprises those sea-weeds of the old genus Fucus, whose fronds are cartilaginous or leathery, and of an olive or copper color, becoming brown or black. They are composed of interwoven, longitudinal fibres. The floating vesicles appear like portions of the frond blown up in bubbles.

Fu'cus. Receptacles tubercled; tubercles perforated, nourishing aggregated capsules within, intermixed with articulated fibres. B. The section FLORIDEE comprises those sea-weeds of the old genus Fucus, whose fronds are leathery, membranous, or gelatinous, and of a purple or rose color.

HALYME'NIA. Frond membranaceous, leathery, nerveless, punctate; seed immersed throughout the whole frond, disposed in spots.

C. The section ULVOIDEE comprises the plants of the old genus Ulva. Fronds membranaceous (broad, or in narrow slips), thin, of a grass-green color. Their substance consists of cells, with the fruit immersed in the frond. They grow on rocks, stones, shells, &c., in the sea; also in ditches, stagnant waters, damp woods, &.c.

UL"VA. Seeds in fours, immersed in ev. ery part of the membranaceous frond. D. The section CONFERVOIDEE comprises the plants of the old genus Conferva. Fruit capsular or naked granulations. Fronds filiform and geniculate, containing the fruit immersed in them, generally strung on threads; mostly of a grass green or greenish color, sometimes pur ple. They grow in fresh-water streams, springs, ditches, and stagnant waters; sometimes in damp woods, and some in the sea.

CONFERVA. Filaments articulated, uniseed within them. No external fruit. form, simple or branched, containing the

E. The section TREMELLINE comprises the old genus Tremella. Plants of this section are all gelatinous, hyaline, ana covered with a membrane. They are globose, palmate, or filiform, and contain conferva-like filaments within. Color green or purplish. They resemble Confervoided in habit and place of growth. Nos"Toc. Filaments moniliform, constituted from coadunate globules. Fronds bullate, vesicular (at length becoming flattened), crowded with simple moniliform curve-crisped filaments.

ORDER V. LICHENES. GYROPHO'RA. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous cartilaginous, peltate, monophyllous (when luxuriant, polyphyllous), free be

neath: apothecia somewhat shield form, sessile adnate, clothed with a dark membrana. ceous cartilage, including a somewhat solid parenchymous substance; disk warty or circinal, plicate and margined.

PARME LIA. Frond coriaceous, sub-membranaceous, flat, expanded, close-pressed, orbicular, stellate and lobed, or multifidlaciniate, having fibres beneath; apothecia shield-form, sub-membranaceous, formed under side from the frond, free, with a central puncture by which it is affixed; disk concave, colored, covering the whole receptacle above, within similar, sub-cellular, and striate, cut round, inflexed with a frond-like margin.

CETRA'RIA. Frond cartilaginous or membranaceous, ascending or expanded; lobe laciniate, smooth and naked both sides; apothecia shield-like, obliquely attached to the margin of the frond, the lower free, being separated from it, the upper one sessile; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, colored, plano-concave, surrounded with a frond like inflexed margin.

CENOMY'CE. Frond crusty or cartilagi nous, foliaceous, laciniate, sub-imbricate free (rarely adnate); bearing sub-fistulous peduncles (podetia) both barren and fertile; receptacles (knobs) orbicular, without margins, at length convex and capitate, inflated or empty beneath, terminal attached to the peduncles by their peripheries; seed-bearing lamina forming the receptacle above, thickish, colored, similar within, convex, reflexed, and attached at the periphery, invested beneath with the woolly integument of the frond.

BEOMY'CES. Frond crustaceous flat, expanded, adnate; bearing soft, solid, fertile podetia: apothecia capitate, without margins, solid, terminal, sessile on the peduncles; seed-bearing lamina covering the whole receptacle and adnate to it, convex reflexed, thickish, colored, similar within.

US'NEA. Frond sub-crustaceous, teretish, branched, mostly pendulous; central part hyaline, elastic, composed of fascicles of tubes; receptacles orbicular, terminal, peltate, formed wholly from the frond, covered all over with its cortical substance, similar, nearly of a uniform color; its periphery destitute of margin, but often surrounded by a ciliate edging.

LYCOPER"DON. Receptacle somewhat caulescent, at length bursting at the top, with scaly warts or prickles scattered over its surface, especially when young. Seminal dust green.

MU'COR. Receptacle membranaceous, globose, stiped, at first watery and pellucid, then opake; seeds naked, sub-cohering; very minute and fugaceous.

URE DO. Receptacle 0; seminal dust un der the cuticle of leaves and stems, when ruptured it is easily brushed off; the little masses of seeds uniform, mostly globose.

AGAR"ICUS. Destitute of a volva at the

base of the stipe, with or without the ring; lamellæ either entire or with shorter ones intermixed, rarely simple, ramose; never veiny.

BOLE'TUS. Pileus various; tubes and pores terete, entire. A large genus.

ABI'ES. See Pi'nus.

ABU'TILON. See Si'da.

[From

ACA'CIA. 15--10. (Leguminosa.) the Greek aka'zo, to sharpen.] glandulo'sa, (w. Ju. 24.) leaves bipinnate, leafets 12-paired, glands between each pair; spikes globose, solitary, peduncled, axillary; legume falcate; unarmed. S. farnesiana, (black thorn, y. h.) leaves bipinnate, leafets 8-paired; spikes globose, sessile. Flowers fragrant; legumes fusiform. S.

ACAL"YPHA. 19-15. (Euphorbia.) [From the Greek a, not, kalos, agreeable, aphe, to

the touch.]

virgin'ica, (three-seeded mercury, g. Au. pubescent; leaves on short petioles, lanceolate-oblong, remotely and obtusely serrate; involucre cordate, ovate, acuminate, toothed; fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Road-sides. 12 to 18 i. Var. carolinia'na, with longer petioles and broader leaves.

A'CER. 8--1. (Acera.) [Latin acer, acrid, referring to the juice of some of the species.] da'sy car pum, (white maple, silver maple, gy. h). leaves palmate, 5-lobed, truncate at the base, unequally gash-toothed, glabrous and glaucous beneath, obtusely sinuate; flowers glomerate; pedicels short; germs downy. 50 f. Fruit a samara.

barbatum, (hairy maple wg. Ap. .) leaves heart-ovate, short, 3-lobed, unequally serrate, glaucous beneath, and hairy at the nerves; peduncles hairy, staminate ones branching, pistillate ones simple; calyx bearded within; wings of the capsules

erect; small. 15 f.

nigrum, (sweet tree, black maple, y. Ap. ) leaves palmate, 5-lobed, cordate, with the sinus at the base closed, lobes spreading, sinuate-toothed, downy beneath; flowers corymbed; capsules turgid, subglobose; wings diverging. Large tree, affording almost as much sugar as the sugar maple. 50 f.

spicatum, (mountain maple bush, y-g. M. leaves sub-5-lobed, acute, toothed, pubescent beneath; racemes compound, erect. 15 f. Mountains.

rubrum, (red maple, soft maple, r. Ap. 2.) leaves palmate, 5-lobed, cordate at the base, unequally gash toothed, glaucous beneath, sinuses acute; flowers in about fives, in sessile umbels, with long pedicels; germs glabrous; stamens variable. Precocious. 50 f.

cles in a nodding corymb. Large tree. 50 f. Fruit ovoid, smooth, the wings about an inch long.

stria'tum, (striped maple, false dogwood, moosewood, g. M. h.) lower leaves roundish, upper ones 3-cuspidate-acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous; racemes simple, pendant. Small tree, with a greenish, striped bark. 15 f.

ACER"ATES.* 18-5. (Asclepiada.) [From the Greek a, without, keras, horn.]

viridiflo'ra, (green milkweed, g. Ju. 24.) stem erect, simple, hairy; leaves oblong, on short petioles, tomentose, obtuse; umbels lateral, solitary, sub-sessile, nodding, dense flowered; umbels about 3; horns of the nectary wanting. Sandy fields. Stem 2 f.

ACHILLE'A. 17-2. (Corymbiferæ.) [From the Greek warrior Achilles.]

millefolium, (yarrow, milfoil, w. J. 2.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, downy, the divisions linear, toothed, mucronate; calyx and stem furrowed; flowers in large, dense, terminal corymbs; rays about 5; disk-florets few; receptacle flat, chaffy, the chaff lanceoblong. Naturalized. 15 i. S. ACHYRAN"THES. 15-5. (Amaranthi.) [From the Greek achu'ron, chaff, and anthos, flower.]

repens, (forty knot, March. 24.) stem procumbent, pubescent; leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate. Flowers in heads. ACNI'DA. 20-5. (Chenopodea.) [From the

Greek a, wanting, knide, a sting.]

cannabi'na, (water hemp, w. g. Ju..) leaves ovate-lanceolate; capsules smooth, acutely angled. Marshes. Can. to Flor. Flowers small, green, in large panicles. ACONITUM. 12-5. (Ranunculacea.) [From

the Greek akone, rugged, in allusion to its habit.]

uncina'tum, (monk's hood, b. J. 24.) stem flexuose; leaves palmate, 3 to 5-parted, divisions rhomb-lanceolate, gash-toothed; upper lip of the corolla lengthened, convex, beaked; stem twining, branching. Grows on mountains and rough places. Cultivated. 2 f.

napel'lus, (wolf's bane, b. J. 24.) leaves shining, 5-parted, the divisions 3-parted, subdivisions linear; upper lip of the corolla lanceolate, ascending, 2-cleft, spur straight. obtuse. 2 f. Ex.

ACO'RUS. 6-1. (Aroidea) [From a, without, and kore, the pupil, because it was esteemed good for disorders of the eyes.] calamus, (sweet flag, g-y. J. 24.) spike

*This genus is scarcely distinct from As