upper one generally naked, glabrous; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the apper one marked with a few blue lines; spur elongated behind. A variety has the leaves more or less villose. Dry. [Leaves ovate or lanceolate; corolla white, with the lateral petals narrower.] amana, (E. w. Ap. 24.) glabrous; leaves vate, sub-acuminate, crenate, sometimes sub-villose above; petioles long, spotted with red; peduncle somewhat 4-sided, equalling or exceeding the length of the eaves, spotted; divisions of the calyx lanceolate; petals all very entire, green at the base; lateral ones sometimes with the base pubescent, and with the upper one marked with a few blue lines. Moist woods. Flowers odorous. primulifolia, (primrose-leaved violet, w. J. 2.) stoloniferous; leaves oblong, subcordate, abruptly decurrent into the petiole; nerves beneath and scape somewhat pubescent; sepals lanceolate; petals obtuse; the two lateral ones a little bearded and striate; stigma capitate, rostrate. Var. villo'sa, leaves very green; petioles densely villose, becoming hoary. Flowers odorous. blan'da, (smooth violet, w. Ap. 24.) glabrous; leaves round, sometimes sub-ovate. crenate, appressed to the ground, sometimes sprinkled with a few short hairs above; petioles pubescent; peduncles somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves; segments of the calyx lanceolate, obtuse; petals all very entire, green at the base; lateral ones slightly bearded and striate, the lower one distinctly striate and somewhat bearded; stigma depressed, rostrate; corolla small, odorous. 2-4 i. Wet, low grounds. [Stemless, not belonging to the preceding divisions.] rotundifolia, (0. M. y. 2.) glabrous; leaves thickish, appressed to the earth, broad-ovate or orbicular, cordate, crenate; nerves pubescent beneath; sinus closed; peduncle somewhat 4-sided, as long as the leaves; divisions of the calyx oblong, obtuse; petals sometimes emarginate, upper ones small; lateral ones somewhat bearded, and with the upper one marked with a few yellowish brown lines; spur very short. Woods. 1-3 i. peda'ta, (M. p-b. 24.) glabrous; leaves sometimes ciliate, variously divided, very open, pedately 9-parted; divisions linear, aud obtusely lanceolate, generally 3-lobed at the apex, often simply lanceolate, with the apex 5-7-lobed; peduncle somewhat 4sided; divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute, ciliate, emarginate behind; petals all white at the base, veinless, very entire, very glabrous, naked; upper one truncate, and marked with a few very blue lines, sometimes obsolete. Var. veluti'na, has the two lower petals of a very deep violetcolor, and appears like velvet. Var. al'ba, has white flowers. Dry. 3-4 i. S. B. Caulescent. pubescens, (y. 2.) villose-pubescent; stem simple, erect, terete, leafless below leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate; petr oles short; stipules large, ovate, dentate; bracts subulate; minute divisions of the peduncles 4-sided, shorter than the leaves; calyx lanceolate; petals all very entire, veinless; upper one naked, glabrous; lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one marked with a few blue lines; lower ones often becoming reddish outside; spur short, gibbous, acutish; stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked. Varies in pubescence, leaves are sometimes glabrous; the capsules are either glabrous or woolly. 4-12 i., rarely 4 f. rostra'ta, (beaked violet, b-p. M. 24.) smooth; stem diffuse, erect, terete; leaves orbicular and ovate, cordate, crenate-den tate, younger ones cucullate; stipules linlinear teeth; peduncles filiform, axillary, ear, acuminate, furnished with elongated, very long; segments of the calyx lanceolate, acute, entire behind; petals all very entire, veinless, naked, beardless, upper and lateral ones marked with a few blue lines; spur straight, linear, compressed, obtuse, double the length of the petals; stigma sub-clavate; root woody, perpendicular, fibrous. Var. barba'ta, lateral petals bearded. 6-10 i. smooth; stem oblique, branching, angular; striata, (striped violet, y-w. J. 2.) leaves roundish, ovate, sub-acuminate, crenate dentate, sometimes sub-pubescent; petioles long; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate; peduncles quadrangular; bracts linear, rather large; segments of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, emarginate behind; petals entire, upper one marked with a few blue lines, naked, smooth, sometimes a little villose, lateral little villose; spur sub-porrected; stigma ones bearded, lower one occasionally a pubescent behind. muhlenbergia'na, (slender violet, b-p M. 24.) smooth; stem weak, sub-prostrate; leaves reniform cordate, upper ones ovate, crenate; stipules lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, sub-pinnate; peduncles somewhat quadrangular, axillary, longer than the leaves; bracts minute, subulate; segments of the calyx linear, acute, sub-ciliate; petals all entire, veinless; upper one naked, glabrous, lateral ones bearded, the upper one marked with a few blue lines; spur porrected, compressed, obtuse; stigma ciliate behind; beak ascending. 3-6 i. hasta'ta, (halbert-violet, y. M. 24.) smooth; stem erect, simple, terete, leafy above; leaves long-petioled, cordate-lanceolate or hastate, acuminate; lobes obtuse, dentate; stipules minute, ciliate-dentate; petals all very entire, lower ones dilated, sub-3-lobed, lateral ones slightly bearded; spur short, gibbose, acutish; stigma truncate, or pubescent; capsule glabrous, or pubescent on all sides. Var. gil'ba, has no hastate or deltoid leaves. 8-12 i. Mountains. canadensis. (r. w.y. M. 24.) smooth, stem sub-simple, erect, terete; stipules en indivisa, (J. 24.) leaves simple, cordate or truncate at base, somewhat 3-nerved, pubescent on the nerves beneath; flowers pentandrous and pentapetalous; berry 1-celled, 1-2 seeded. Swamps. tire, membranaceous, oblong, sub-ovate or pentandrous; berry 2-celled; cells 1-2 lance-ovate; leaves broad cordate. acumi- seeded. S. nate, serrate, slightly pubescent on the nerves, lower ones long petioled; peduncle somewhat 4-sided; bracts subulate; flowers regular, large; segments of the calyx subulate, acute, entire behind; petals white, very entire, veiny, becoming yellow at the base, lower ones pale violet, upper ones broad, spreading, lateral ones bearded, with the upper one marked with a few blue lines; stigma short, pubescent; spur very short; flowers odorous. 6-24 i. Moist. Rocky woods. C. Exotic. tricolor, (garden-violet, heart's ease, pansy, p. y. b-p. M. 24.) stem angular, diffuse, divided; leaves oblong, deeply crenate; stipules lyrate-pinnatifid. odora'ta, (sweet-violet, b. M. h.) stemless; scions creeping; leaves cordate, crenate, smoothish; calyx obtuse; two lateral petals with a bearded or hairy line. VIRGILIA. 10-1. Leguminosa.) [In honor of the poet Virgil.] lute'a, (y. J. h.) leaves pinnate; leafets alternate, ovate, short, acuminate, glabrous; racemes elongated, pendulous; legumes petioled, flat. The bark is used in dying yellow. S. VIS"CUM. 20-4. (Caprifolie.) [From the Greek ixos, altered by the Eolians into biskos. The Greeks had a great veneration for this plant on account of its supposed medical virtues, and the Druids ascribed to it many miraculous powers.] rubrum, (b) leaves lance obovate, obtuse; spikes axillary, whorled. S. purpureum, (h.) leaves obovate, obtuse, obsoletely 3-nerved; spikes axillary; ers opposite. S. vinifera, (wine-grape, J. h.) leaves sinuate-lobed, naked or downy. Ex. WARE'A. 14-2. (Cruciferæ.) ther thick, oblong, obtuse, attenuate at the cuneifolia, (w.) leaves nearly sessile, rabase; siliques with the valves somewhat convex. 1-2 f. Georgia and Florida. pendulous; leaves oblong ovate, half-claspamplexifolia, (p..) silique two-edged,. ing. 1 f. S. XAN"THIUM. 19-5. (Corymbiferæ.) [From zanthos, yellow, a color said to be produced by the plant.] Au..) stem unarmed; leaves ovate, anstruma'rium, (cockle burr, sea-burdock, gulate-dentate, sub-cordate, and strongly 3 nerved at base; fruit oval, pubescent, armed with rigid, hooked bristles. 3-6 f. spino'sum, (thorny clot-weed, S. .) spines ternate; leaves 3-lobed; flowers axillary, solitary. 2-4 f. XANTHOX"YLUM. 20-5. (Terebintaceæ.) [From xanthos, yellow, and rulon, wood, alluding to its color.] fraxineum, (prickly ash, tooth-ache bush, g-w. M. h.) prickly; leaves pinnate; leafets lance oval, sub-entire, equal at base; petioles terete, unarmed; umbels axillary. 8-12 f. The bark is pungent, and is used for medicinal purposes. tricarpum, (J.) leaves glabrous, pinflow-nate; leafets petioled, falcate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate; petioles unarmed; flowers bearing petals; capsules mostly in threes; leaves very aromatic and pungent. XANTHORHIZA. 5-12. verticilla'tum, (mistletoe, g. w. J. 24.) branches opposite and whorled; leaves wedge-obovate, 3 nerved; spikes axillary, a little shorter than the leaves; berries yellowish white. On the branches of old trees. VITIS. 5-1. (Vitices.) labrusca, (plum-grape, w-g. J. h.) leaves broad-cordate, lobe angled, white-downy beneath; fertile racemes small; berries (blue, flesh-color, and green) large. Var. labruscoides. (fox-grape), has smaller fruit, approaching a tart taste. vulpi'na, (frost grape, g-w. J. h.) leaves cordate, acuminate, gash-toothed, glabrous both sides; racemes lax, many flowered; berries small; leaves very variable, but the uppermost mature leaves will agree with the description. æstivalis, (summer-grape, J. h.) leaves 3-5 lobed, younger ones rust-downy beneath, when old nearly smooth; sinuses rounded; racemes opposite the leaves, crowded, oblong; berries deep-blue or purple. Woods, on banks of streams. (Ranunculaceae) [From xanthos, yellow, and riza, root.] apiifolia (parsley yellow-root, Ap. h.) leaves 3-ternate; petioles dilated and clasping at the base; flowers racemed. 1.3 £. Banks of streams. asphodeloi'des, (w. J. 24.) filaments dilated toward the base, and equalling the corolla; racemes oblong, crowded; bracts setaceous; scape leafy; leaves subulate, 3-5 f. te'nax, (w. J. 24.) scape leafy; racemes lax; bracts membranaceous; petals elliptic; filaments filiform, exceeding the corolla; leaves subulate-setaceous, very long. S. XYLOS TEUM. 5-1. (Caprifolie.) cilia'tum, (fly-honeysuckle, twin-berry, wy. M. h.) berries distinct; leaves ovate and sub-cordate, margin ciliate, in the young state villose beneath; corolla a little calcarate at the base, tube ventricose above, divisions short, acute; style exsert. 3-4 f. riparia, (w-g. M. h.) leaves unequally incisely toothed, shortly 3-lobed, pubescent solo'nis, (swamp twin-berry, y. M. h.) on the petioles, margins, and nerves; flow-berries united in one, bi-umbilicate (never ers sweet-scented. distinct), two flowers situated on one germ; leaves oblong-ovate, villose. Berries dark purple. 2 f. bipinnata, (gw. Ju.) leaves bipinnate, glabrous; leafets incisely serrate; flowers XY'RIS. 3-1. (Junci.) [From a Greek word, signifying pointed.] carolin'ia'na, (yellow-eyed grass, E. y. Au. 2.) leaves linear, grass-like; stem or scape two-edged; head ovate, acute; scales obtuse. 9-18 i. brevifolia, (y. Au. 24.) leaves subulateensiform, short; interior valves of the calyx shorter than the exterior, somewhat gashtoothed. 12 i. jun"cea, (M. 24.) leaves terete, hollow, acute; scape terete, sheathed at the base; calyx about as long as the roundish bracts; head oval. 6-12 i. S in"dica, (y. J. 24.) leaves long, grass-like, tortuous; scape tortuous; heads globose; scales nearly round, obtuse. S. Jimbria'ta, (feathered xyris, J. 24.) heads lax-imbricate; calyx much longer than the bracts, fimbriate; leaves long, sword-shaped. 2 f. S. YUCCA. 6-1. (Liliacea.) [From Juca, the Indian name. S.] filamento'sa, (silk-grass. w. Au. 2.) stemless; leaves lanceolate, broad, entire, filamentose on the margin; stigmas recurved, spreading. 2-5 f. glorio'sa, (w. Au. 2.) caulescent, branching; leaves broad-lanceolate, plaited, entire; petals lanceolate. 2-4 f. alnifolia, leaves lance-linear, with callous crenatures, rigid. 10-12 f. ZA'MIA. 20-12. (Coniferea.) [From zemia, damage or loss, in allusion to the fact that the staminate aments produce no seed.] integrifolia, (h) frond pinnate; leafets laureolate, roundish-obtuse, attenuate at base, minutely serrate toward the apex; stipe glabrous, somewhat 4-cornered. S. spiralis, flowers dioecious; leaves rigid, coriaceous, erect; nut oblong, erect, scaly, very hard. A native of New South Wales. ZANNICHEL"LIA. 19-1. (Naides.) palustris, anthers 4-celled; stigmas entire; pericarps toothed on the back; stem long, filiform; flowers small, axillary. Horn pond-weed. Ditches. intermedia, (false pond-weed, Ju..) anther 2-celled; stigmas dentate-crenate; seed smooth, entire on the back; stem filiform; leaves entire. Salt-marsh ditches. ZAPA'NIA. 13-2. (Scrophularia.) nodiflora, (b-w. Ju. 2.) leaves ovate wedge-form, serrate above; spikes solitary, in long filiform peduncles, forming conical heads; stem herbaceous, creeping, 6-8 inches long, procumbent. lanceola'ta, leaves linear-lanceolate; spikes solitary. Banks of streams. ZE'A. 19-3. (Gramineæ.) [An ancient Greek name.] mays, (Indian-corn, y-g. Ju. .) leaves lance-linear, entire, keeled. S. ZIGADE'NUS. 6-3. (Junci.) glaberrimus, (w. J. 2.) scape leafy, bracts ovate, acuminate; petals acuminate, leaves long, recurved, channelled. 2-4 f. elegans, (w. J. 24.) scape nearly naked; bracts linear; petals ovate, acute. S. ZINNIA. 17-2. (Corymbifera.) viola'cea, (r-p. Ju.) leaves ovate-acute, sessile, sub-crenate; chaff imbricate-serrate. elegans, (p. J. .) heads stalked ; leaves amplexicaul, cordate, ovate, sessile, opposite; stem hairy; scales serrate. Mexico. 2 £ multiflora, (r. S. .) flowers peduncled; leaves opposite, sub-petioled, lance-ovate. S. ZIZA'NIA. 19-6. (Gramineæ.) aquatica, (wild rice, Au. 2.) panicle pyramidal, divaricate and sterile at the base, spiked and fertile above; pedicels clavate; awns long; seed linear. In water. milia'cea, (Au. 2.) panicle effuse, pyramidal; glumes short-awned; staminate and pistillate flowers intermingled; style 1; seed ovate, smooth; leaves glaucous. 6-10 f. In water. ZIZIA. 5-2. (Umbellifera.) corda'ta, (y. J. 24.) radical leaves undivided, cordate, crenate, petiolate, cauline ones sub-sessile, ternate; segments petiolate, ovate, cordate, serrate; partial involucre 1-leaved. 12-18 i. Fruit black. Canada to Florida. aurea, (golden alexanders, y. J. 26.) leaves biternate, shining; leafets lance. oval; umbels with short peduncles. 1-2 f. integerrima, (y. J. 2.) very glabrous; leaves biternate, sub-glaucous, lower ones thrice ternate, upper ones twice; leafets oblique, oval, entire; umbels with elonga. ted peduncles. 12-18 i. Mountains. ZI'ZIPHUS. 5-1. (Rhamni.) volu'biles, (gy. Ju. 24.) unarmed; leaves ovate, ribbed, entire; umbels axillary, ped uncled; stem twining. S. ZOR"NIA. 16-10. (Leguminosa.) tetraphylla, (y. Ju. 2.) leaves digitate; leafets 4, lanceolate, glabrous; spikes axillary, peduncled; flowers alternate, 2-bracted; bracts roundish. S. zoS"TERA. 19-1. (Nardes.) [From zoster, a girdle.] mari'na, (sea-eel grass, Au. 2.) leaves entire; stem terete; flowers very smali leaves long. In salt water. SECTION V. VOCABULARY, OR EXPLANATION OF BOTANICAL TERMS A, in composition, signifies privation, or destitute of; as acaulis, referring to a plant without a caulis or stem. Abortive flower. Falling off without producing fruit. -stamens, not furnished with an thers. - pistil. Defective in some essential part. seed. Not becoming perfect, through want of the fertilizing influence of the pollen. Abrupt leaf. A pinnate leaf with an old or terminal leafet. Acalyces. (From a, signifying without, and calyx, a flower cup.) A class in an ancient method of arrangement, consisting of plants without a calyx. Acau'les. (From a wanting, and caulis, a stem.) The 20th class in Magnolius's method, including plants without stems. Acer'ose leaf. Linear and permanent, as in the pine. Ache'nium, one of Mirbel's genera of fruits. Aic'ular. Needle-shaped. Acina'ciform. Cimeter-shaped. A'cinus. A small berry which, with many others, composes the fruits of the mulberry and raspberry; the plu-| ral is acini. Acotyledonous. (From a without, and cotyledon, a seed lobe.) Plants destitute of seed lobes, and which consequently put forth no seminal or seedleaves, as mosses and ferns. Acu'leus. (From acus, a needle.) A prickle, or sharp point; common to the rose and raspberry. Accum'bent. The corcle lying against the back of the cotyledons. Acu'minate. Taper-pointed, the point mostly curved towards one edge of the leaf, like an awl. Acute. Less gradually sharp-pointed than acuminate. An obtuse angle, or any other mathematical angle, is aute in botanical language. Adel'phous. (From the Greek adelphos, a brother or an equal) Applied to plants whose stamens are united by their filaments, whether in one or two sets. Adnate'. Growing together. Adversifolia (From adversus opposite, and folium, a leaf.) Plants whose leaves stand opposite to each other, on the same stem or branch. Name of the 5th class in Sauvage's Methodus foliorum; as exemplified in the labiate flowers. Esti'vales. (From astas, summer) Plants which blossom in summer. The second division of Du Pas's method, with reference to the four seasons of the year, consisting of herbs which blossom in summer. A'fora. (From a, without, and fores, a door.) Having no doors or valves. The name of a class in Camerius's method, consisting of plants whose pericarp or seed-vessel is not furnished with internal valves. Aga'mous. (From a, without, and ga mos, marriage.) A term derived from the indelicate notions of the last century, respecting the sexual distinctions of plants; and which, whatever analogies may actually exist between the vegetable and animal kingdoms, should as far as possible be excluded from the science. Were it to be otherwise, the study of Botany ought to be limited to the medical profession. Of all studies, that of Botany should not be accompanied by aught that might pain or disgust a delicate mind. Plants without any visible stamens or pistils are by French botanists called agamous. Ages of plants. Ephemeral are such as spring up, blossom and ripen their seed in a few hours or days; annual live a few months or cue summer; hiennial, spring up one summer and die the following; perennial, live an indefinite period. 1 Agglomerated. Bunched, crowded to- | Am'bitus. The outer rim of a frond cymose, amentaceous, glumose, spadiceous. Aggregate flower is erected on peduncles or footstalks, which all have one common receptacle on the stem they sometimes have one common calyx, and are sometimes separately furnished with a calyx. Aigrette. See Egret. Ala. A Latin word signifying a wing. It is sometimes used to express the angle formed by the stem with the branch or leaf Linnæus and some others use the term ala, as the name of a membrane, affixed to some species of seed which serves as a wing to raise them into the air, and thus promote their dispersion. Ala. The two lateral or side petals of a papilionaceous flower. Albu'men. The farinaceous, fleshy or horny substance which constitutes the chief bulk of monocotyledonous seeds; as wheat, rye, &c. Alburnum. (From albus, white.) The soft white substance which in trees is found between the liber, or inner bark, and the wood, and becoming solid, in progress of time is converted into wood. From its colour and comparative softness, it has been styled the fat of trees. It is called the sap-wood, and is formed by a deposite of the cambium, or descending sap; in one year it becomes wood; and a new layer of alburnum is again formed by the descent of the cambium. Al'ga. Flags; these, by Linnæus, comprise the plants of the order Hepatica and Lichenes. Alpine. Growing náturally on high mountains. Alter'nate. Branches, leaves, flowers, &c. are alternate, when beginning at different distances on the stem; opposite, is when they commence at the same distances, and base stands against base. Alternately-pinnate leaf; when the leafets are arranged alternately on each side of the common footstalk or petiole Alve'c'ate. Having cells which resemble a honeycomb. receptacle, &c. A'ment. Flowers collected on chaffy scales, and arranged on a thread or slender stalk; their scales mixed with the flowers resemble the chaff in an ear of corn; } in the willow and poplar, an ament supports both staminate and pistillate flowers on distinct roots. Flowers supported by an ament are generally destitute of a corolla. Amplexicaulis. Clasping the base of the stems. Analysis. To analyze a plant botanically, is to ascertain its name, by observing its organs, and comparing them with scientific descriptions of plants. Ancip'etal. Having two sharp edges like a sword. An'dria. Signifies stamen. Androgynous plants. Such as bear staminate and pistillate flowers on the same root; as the oak and Indian corn: such plants belong to the class Monœcia. Angiocar'pus. Fungi bearing seeds internally. Angiosper'mal. (From angio, a vessel, and sperma, seed.) Plants whose seeds are enclosed or covered. An'gular. Forming angles; when the stems, calyxes, capsules, &c. have ridges running lengthwise. Angustifolius. Narrow-leaved. Anʼnual. A plant which lives but one year. The herbage is often annual, while the root is perennial; in this case the plant is said to be perennial. An'nulated. Having a ring round the capsules; as in ferns; or in mushrooms having a ringed stipe. An'nulus. A ring. Anomalous. (From a, without, and nomos, law.) Irregular, or whatever forms an exception to a general rule. The 11th class in Tournefort's method is called anomale, including plants whose corollas are composed of irregular and dissimilar parts; as the columbine, monk's-hood, violet, larkspur, &c. Anther. (From anthos, a flower; so called as indicating its importance.) That part of the stamen which contains the pollen; it is of various forms, as linear, awl-shaped, heart-shaped, round, &c.; it is one-celled, two-ceil ed, &c. Antherid'ium. A mass of pollen. Antherif'erous. Flowers bearing an thers without filaments. An'thus (From the Greek anthos.) A |