border is at the mercy of a foreign nation, bands of outlaws from which will be constantly committing depredations on our border citizens.

We are on the verge of statehood and a good military force well equipped is absolutely necessary for the protection of citizens and property within our borders. E. SCHWARTZ,

Governor L. C. HUGHES,

Commander-in-chief of the military forces of Arizona,

Adjutant-General.

Phoenix, Arizona.

OSTRICH FARMING.

Among the industries attracting attention in the Territory is that of ostrich farming. Mr. Josiah Harbert, who has an ostrich farm near Phoenix, describes his experience in the business as follows:

On January 1, 1891, I only had two birds; since then I have raised thirty-six off one hen. I consider it the best business a man can go into, because each bird will turn off about $30 in feathers a year, besides the eggs and the increase. The birds are all healthy. I have lost but one, and it got fastened in the wire fence and killed itself. They begin to lay at three years old. The eggs that don't hatch bring $1.50 per shell. Period of incubation is six weeks. They are easily kept under fence. They feed on alfalfa, and should occasionally have crushed bone, and gravel continually. I pluck the birds when eight months old and every eight months thereafter. A gentleman conversant with the industry in Africa, says that he never saw any birds raised there in confinement that looked any better than my birds raised here near Phoenix.

At two years old birds are worth about $200 each. Guaranteed breeders from three to four years old are worth from $300 to $400 each. The climate is perfect for the health and well-being of the birds, and an acre in alfalfa will carry from four to six.

ARIZONA CAMELS.

In the year 1855 the War Department imported from Smyrna, Asia Minor, a number of camels. They were landed at Galveston, and from there taken overland to Los Angeles for the purpose of transporting military supplies from that point to the various coasts of Southern California and Arizona. En route, however, a number of these camels were lost or strayed in the vicinity of the Agua Caliente, about 75 miles east of the Colorado River. The remainder were delivered at their destination, but their use was found impracticable, the sand being too sharp for their feet, and considerable hostility being excited against their use amongst teamsters and freighters, who took occasion to shoot them on the ground, that their presence caused a stampede of their horses and mules. Of the camels taken to California a number was returned to Arizona in 1876, for the purpose of transporting ores from the then rich Silver King mine.

Here, again, their presence was objected to by teamsters and freighters, and the band was turned loose between the Gila and Colorado rivers, through which section they have been roaming ever since. In 1883 nine of the band were captured by Papago Indians and turned over to a circus. At that time there were twenty head in the herd, eleven of which were 2 or 3 years old. The Arizona stock is said to be a great improvement on the original.

Col. D. K. Allen, of the Yuma Sentinel, makes this statement with reference to the subject:

At the present time there are ninety-seven of them in the mountains and hills east of the Yuma and Harqua Hala wagon roads, away from the haunts of white men and Indians. They have roamed mostly in the Eagle Tail Mountains and adjoining ranges, where but few, if any, human beings ever go. It is estimated that if none had been killed there would now be not less than one thousand. They are very wild and vicious and make a hard fight when caught or even cornered.

In order to prevent the further destruction of these animals I would suggest that they be removed to some national park, such as Yellowstone or the Zoological Gardens in Washington City.

PETRIFIED FOREST.

In Apache County, in the eastern portion of central Arizona, about 20 miles from Holbrook, a town on the Atlantic and Pacific, is located Arizona's petrified forest. The area it occupies is covered by the land grant of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, every alternate section of which is reserved by the Government. It is estimated that there are about 10,000 acres in this forest, which consists of huge logs from 6 feet down in diameter. The ground is nearly all covered by trunks and limbs of petrified trees of every size and color, quantities of which have been shipped to various parts of the world and converted to ornamental uses. Recently parties have been wantonly destroying many of these logs with giant powder, blowing them open in order to obtain crystals which are found in the center. While there is little danger of the supply being exhausted by the relic and curiosity hunter, some measures ought to be adopted to prevent the destruction to which I have referred.

Inasmuch as this is the most wonderful and beautiful center of petrified woods known to the scientist, and will always be a point of great interest to the traveling public, I would suggest that the Government withdraw the land covering this forest from entry, and secure from the railroad such portion as may be included in the area of this park, and that it be set apart as a national park for the enjoyment and education of the people, and thus preserve for future generations. one of the most wonderful of nature's works.

HEALTH AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

There is probably no section of the country which possesses climatic conditions so favorable to the restoration and preservation of health as Arizona, especially for those suffering from throat, lung, or other respiratory troubles. On this subject I present the views of Dr. Scott Helm, surgeon-general national guard of Arizona:

There are many conditions affecting the climatology of Arizona Territory which tend to the greatest influence for good to the consumptive, and, in fact, to all sufferers from diseases of the respiratory tract and also of the nervous organization. Owing to the peculiarities of its physical geography almost any elevation or surrounding, whether it be from the valleys below or the pine-clad hills above, may be obtained. The several cities of importance have the following altitudes: Phoenix, 1,100 feet; Tucson, 2,500 feet; Prescott, 4,500 feet; Flagstaff, 8,000 feet, and Yuma, 54 feet. It may be seen, therefore, that almost any elevation that may be desired may be obtained, and, as is well known to physicians and climatologists, many of these invalids demand a widely-varying altitude.

Other matters of the utmost importance in the selection of a suitable climate for the invalid-especially a winter climate-are the character of the temperature, the precipitation and humidity, and the number of sunny, cloudless days. First, as to temperature. The mean temperature for the Territory for the year ending June 30, 1893, ranged for the months from 43.6 to 83.7°, the former being in December and the latter in July. The greatest average precipitation for the Territory for one month was 2.24 inches, and the total for the year, 8.42 inches. During the year there were 213 cloudless days, 88 partly cloudy days, 51 cloudy days, and 25 days on which 0.01 inches or more of rain fell. This does not include the month of October, during which no observations as to the character of the days were recorded. All these conditions serve in the aggregate to render an atmosphere particularly beneficial to the consumptive or other sufferer from broncho-pulmonary disease. Rheumatic conditions, malarial disorders, and diseases of the nervous organization are also greatly benefited by residence in this climate.

The winter climate of southern Arizona is warm and dry and particularly healthful to this class of invalids, and especially so with the consumptive, provided he makes an early change. Many of these invalids seek this climate to avoid the rigors of the cold and snows of the eastern winter and the fogs and dampness of the coast; and a large proportion of them receive great benefit therefrom. Many of these cases, even though far advanced in disease, experience great relief in this soft, warm atmosphere and under these sunny skies, where they may spend over three hundred days in the year in the open air.

There are a number of resorts in the mountains-notably the Castle Creek Hot Springs, near Phoenix, and Oracle, near Tucson-where the summer months may be spent with much comfort and benefit.

The following is the meteorological summary for the year:

The above is based on reports from about forty stations in various sections of the Territory, and represents the average meteorological conditions for the several months.

MILEAGE OF JURORS.

I desire, through you, to call the attention of the Department of Justice to the insufficiency of the mileage and per diem paid jurors and witnesses before the United States courts in this Territory. Transpor tation costs from 10 to 20 cents per mile by team or stage and living at least $2.50 per day while traveling and in attendance on court, and with one exception (the Southern Pacific, which charges 5 cents) every railroad in the Territory charges 6 cents per mile, while the Government allows but 5 cents per mile by railroad and 13 cents by stage; $2 per day to jurors en route and in attendance, while witnesses are only allowed $1.50 per day for actual attendance on courts; and by the ruling of the First Auditor and First Comptroller you will observe that the provisions of the act quoted are limited to travel to attend the United States courts, and do not include that made to attend examinations before commissioners. It must also be understood that stage lines or private conveyances should not be used when railroads are available by usually traveled routes.

The witnesses before commissioners' courts are only allowed 5 cents per mile, consequently the law is materially crippled in its first step. You will readily see from the foregoing why it is that witnesses and jurors try to avoid service, and when forced to attend court are prejudiced against the Government to such an extent as to make it next to impossible to punish offenders.

SALARIES AND CONTINGENT EXPENSES.

I would respectfully call attention to the action of Congress with regard to salaries of the Federal officials of the Territories and the contingent expenses allowed for the use of the executive office. The organic law declares that certain salaries shall be paid, yet year by year Congress, without changing the original law, reduces the amount specified by such sum as the public demand for economy may suggest. This is not only an injustice to the officials, but is not in the interest of the public service inasmuch as it leaves them at the mercy of the National Legislature so far as the question of their salaries is concerned. Similar action is taken with reference to contingent expenses. But one-half of the amount allowed under this head by the organic law is appropriated. This sum is altogether inappropriate to the needs of the department; the expenses of which are daily increasing. The sum of $500 set aside by Congress to meet the contingent expenses does not more than pay postage, telegraphic bills, and office stationery, not to mention anything of janitor, messenger, or clerical hire, etc. The duties of the executive department are daily growing, and the cost of maintaining the office is consequently becoming greater every year. This is a matter which Congress does not seem to consider when the Territorial appropriations are made.

UNDEVELOPED RESOURCES.

Her mountains

The undeveloped resources of Arizona are boundless. are threaded with gold and silver veins, large deposits of iron, silver and lead, and other metals. Millions of acres of land are awaiting cultivation by irrigation, and there is the Colorado River, which, with a slight improvement, will open up a source of mineral and agricultural wealth, and will give an outlet to the Gulf of California.

An important industry in the course of development, and one which it appears will yield fabulous returns, is the production of canaigre or the tanning root, which is indigenous to this soil and climate.

The demand for this plant, for tanning and other chemical purposes, is so great that it can not be met by the supply, a fact which suggests its cultivation as one of the most important industries of this region. It is authoritatively stated that the cultivation of canaigre will give a profit of $100 an acre.

During last year Prof. C. Collingwood, J. W. Toomey, and F. A. Gulley, of the United States experimental station staff connected with the University of Arizona, made an elaborate study and experiment of this plant, its history, growth, value, cost of production, profit, etc., and published the results in a station bulletin. The importance of the information obtained warrants the reproduction of copious extracts from the same:

CANAIGRE, ITS HISTORY.

Canaigre [says the report] has been used many years by the Mexicans, both as a medicine and as a tanning material, but only in recent years has it attracted any attention as an article of commerce.

In 1868 a sample of roots was sent from Texas to the Agricultural Department at Washington, but it was mislaid and the analysis was not made until 1878. In 1889 Prof. Henry Trimble published an article on canaigre, in which he gives its history to that time and records some analyses made by himself and others. He states that Mr. Rudolph Vaelcker, of Galveston, Tex., published an analysis of roots gathered in 1874, giving 23.16 per cent of tannic acid. Roots were exhibited at the New Orleans

Exposition labeled "A new tanning material." Since then considerable attention has been given to this plant, and a number of articles have been written, both in this country and abroad, in all of which it is agreed that canaigre is a valuable tanning material.

ITS VALUE.

Among the articles which have appeared is one deserving more than passing notice: "Canaigre, a New Tanning Process," by Prof. W. Eitner. Prof. Eitner is at the head of the Vienna research station for leather industry, and a recognized authority in Europe in such matters. He has tested canaigre from the standpoint of a practical tanner. In that article he especially recommends it for its quickness in tanning, its filling qualities, and its beautiful color. He says: "I consider this article especially adapted for tanning uppers, fine saddlery, and fancy leathers. It can be used alone or in connection with other materials." He also states that at the price laid down in Vienna-18 florins per 100 kilos (about $65 per ton)-it is quite reasonable. In fact, he has everything to say in its favor and nothing against it.

The European tanners are awake to the value of this material. The German tanning school, at Freiberg, Saxony, mentions canaigre as one of the materials with which they are working and experimenting.

LIMITED SUPPLY.

The supply of wild canaigre is becoming limited. Good authorities state that at the present price the supply will hardly last more than two years. "At present price" means the supply within profitable hauling distance of the railroads. If canaigre is only to be obtained from the natural supply it will be but an incident in the tanning trade. But if, as the experiments at this station show, canaigre can be profitably cultivated, it will soon become a permanent factor, with thousands of acres of land. producing yearly hundreds of thousands of tons of canaigre, and the problem will be to get the tannic acid into the market at the least expense.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The habits of this plant well suit it to hot and arid regions. Completing its annual growth in a few months, the remainder of the year it shows nothing above ground but dry and withered leaves and stalks. The deep-seated tuberous roots, however, are fleshy and full of moisture, and are capable of retaining their vitality through the long, hot, dry summers, until the rains of the following winter start in them a new growth; grows to highest perfection and greatest abundance in river bottoms and along washes. It seems to prefer loose, sandy soil, which is flooded at times of heavy rains. In such places it frequently forms a dense, green growth, 2 or 3 feet in height, resembling at a distance broad acres of some cultivated

crop.

THE ROOT.

The tuber-like roots are the commercial part of the plant. In habit of growth, they remind one much of the sweet potato, or even more of the tuberous roots of the dahlia. In weight they vary from above a pound to a few ounces. Some are long and slender, others are nearly as broad as long. The size of the root depends to a great extent upon the soil and the amount of rainfall during their period of growth. They grow in clusters of from three to a dozen, and from a few inches to more than a foot below the surface of the soil. By examining a root in late summer or early fall a number of buds may be seen on the crown end ready to start their growth after the winter rains. The root apparently reaches its growth after the first season; however, it lives for several years, and may produce new plants and new roots each season. Possibly the large amount of tannin it contains aids in preserving it. The roots of a year's growth or more are a little more firm in texture than a potato; however, when they finally die, they become dry, hard, and nearly black throughout. In this condition they are quite as hard to cut as a piece of wood, and there is a large increase in the amount of coloring matter. By boiling, the root becomes softer, but does not break open and fall to pieces, as with the potato. The young roots are nearly white on the interior. As they grow older they become dark yellowish red, from the development of coloring matter within the cells.

AMOUNT OF TANNIC ACID IN CANAIGRE.

Samples, collected in widely different portions of the Territory, show the follow ing composition. As old and new roots were taken together, just as they grew in