your command; we warn you to be on your guard; if you fire your pistol or attempt to enforce your commands, we shall put you instantly to death!"

Suddenly impressed, as the writer imagines, with the justness of the cause of men who could thus resist the authority of their former commanding officer, Wayne at once discontinued his opposition to the mutineers. He instructed the quartermaster to furnish the soldiers with rations. He led his men to Princeton, by way of the Baskingridge road, where their grievances were laid before a committee from Congress who satisfied their just demands.

Captain Bettin was buried on the spot where he fell, with his head next a black oak sapling and his feet toward the Jockey Hollow road. Thanks to the Morristown Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution a granite stone now marks the resting place of Captain Bettin, bearing the following inscription:

"In Memory Of Captain Adam Bettin Shot In The Mutiny

Jan. 1, 1781

Erected By The
Morristown Chapter

D. A. R."

The black oak sapling-a species of oak, by the way, of slow growth is now a large tree, and with the substantial granite stone and its terse inscription at its base is certain to attract the attention of observing passers-by.

CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON, SIGNER OF

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

BY THE REV. THOMAS P. PHELAN, A. M., LL. D.

Professor of Modern and Church History at The Catholic Foreign Mission Seminary, Ossining, N. Y.

The Carroll or O'Carroll family is descended from Heber, son of Milesius, king of Spain, whose followers landed in Ireland thirteen centuries before the coming of Christ and subdued the native tribes. Kiann, son of Olliol Ollum, first absolute king of Munster (A. D. 177), whose spouse Sabia was the daughter of Conn of the Hundred Battles, King of Ireland, A. D. 148, was the founder of the Kianachta tribe from which the Carrolls trace their descent. Kieran, son of Sedna, son of Trena, son of Tigernach of the race of Kian, was the founder of the family. The original name was Ciarail or Cearbhiol, signifying either, "Perverse" (Rooney, "Genealogical History of Irish Families"), or "wry mouth" (Russell, "Maryland the Land of Sanctuary").. The coat of arms of the clan was a drawn sword flanked by two lions rampant with the motto, "In fide fortes et in bello." The family held possessions in Tipperary, Kings and Kerry and the official title of the chieftain was Prince of Ely and Lord of Calry. He ruled over eight districts, each presided over by a local chief, and the stronghold of the family was at the castle of Birr, now Parsonstown, Kings County. Donald O'Carroll, Prince of Ely, at the time of the Anglo-Norman invasion, stoutly resisted the invaders until overwhelmed by superior numbers. During the reign of Edward VI the reigning prince surrendered his lands to the king who returned them with letters patent and conferred on him the title, Baron of Ely. They were staunch friends of the Stuart dynasty supporting Charles I against the Puritans and James II against William of Orange. After the execution of Charles II they followed his son and heir into exile and served in the French armies. During the campaigns of James II in Ireland (1688-1691), they were represented in every branch of the service. Brigadier Francis O'Carroll, after distinguished deeds in his native land, went to France after the signing of the Treaty of Limerick, and was slain at the victory of Massaglia.

Another scion, Captain O'Carroll, was cited for bravery in action at Fontenoy. During five centuries, the O'Carrolls were foremost in defending faith and nationality and the ancient annals in song and story attest their piety and patriotism.

The grandfather of the signer, the original Charles Carroll. who wrote his name "O'Carroll," came to Maryland in 1688. He was the second son of Daniel Carroll of Litterlouna, Kings County. He was educated at the Inner Temple, and after his admission to the bar settled in London and became secretary to Lord Powis, a nobleman high in the councils of James II and a close friend of Lord Baltimore. The last Stuart King was most unpopular among his people, partly because of his ill-advised policy, partly on account of his religion. Conspirators were in correspondence with William of Orange and civil war seemed imminent. His patron urged the young barrister to emmigrate to Maryland, promising to intercede with the Lord Proprietor in his behalf. James II, mindful of the devotion and loyalty of the Carroll family, obtained from Lord Baltimore, large tracts of land and an appointment as Attorney-General of the Province. He arrived in Maryland in the fall of 1688, a few weeks before William of Orange landed at Torbay and civil strife began in England. The political troubles of the mother country were transferred to the colonies, and Carroll and his Catholic confreres were stigmatized as traitors to the new king and accused of plotting with the Indians for the destruction of the Protestants.

The instigator of these charges was the infamous John Coode, an unfrocked minister, repudiated by his flock, convicted of blasphemy, sedition, theft and enormous "crimes" in Maryland, indicted in Virginia,-where he had taken refuge to escape the punishment of his misdeeds at the hands of his fellow settlers-for drunkenness and disturbance at divine service, and Josias Fendall, a former governor of Maryland who broke his oath, and betrayed the confidence of the proprietor, and in later years was fined for sedition and banished from the province. The ceaseless efforts of these malefactors bore fruit. The proprietary government was over-thrown, a royal governor appointed, religious toleration denied to Catholics and a state church established, for whose support every citizen was taxed, although the adherents of the state religion numbered only a small minority of the population. Catholics especially were oppressed. For fifty years under

Catholic rule, all believers in Christ were equal before the law, and all churches were supported by voluntary contributions or the produce of the plantations tilled by the ministers of religion. During the six years of Puritan domination toleration was granted to all except, "Papists and Prelatists." "During the eighty years of the Established Church, penal laws for Catholics, connivance for dissenters and for all, the forty pounds of tobacco per poll." (Brown, Maryland, the History of a Palatinate.) The chapel at St. Mary's-the first Catholic Church of the Province was closed by the sheriff and no person allowed to officiate within its walls. Irish Catholics were forbidden to settle in the Province, under pain of fine, and a reward was offered for the apprehension and conviction of a priest who should say Mass. No Catholic could teach school, and parents were forbidden to send their children abroad for education. During these troublesome years Charles Carroll was prudent and patient, aiding his suffering brethren, protesting against the intolerant laws framed by the Assembly and defending his people against unjust accusations. His education and training made him a valuable member of the colony, and although his religion was banned and denounced, he was frequently consulted on matters of finance and government. He was the representative of Lord Baltimore, acting as Surveyor General and Naval Officer. The Proprietor had given him a large tract of land and he added by purchase to his original holdings until his estate comprised sixty thousand acres divided into the three manors of Ely, Doughoregan and Carrollton, the first two called after the ancestral homes in Ireland. He thus became the founder of a rich manorial family, whose influence was to dominate Maryland affairs for generations and is still recognized in the present state of Maryland.

Charles Carroll married Martha, daughter of Anthony Underhill, a wealthy and influential citizen. One child was born, but mother and child died within a year. Four years later he espoused Mary Darnall, daughter of Henry Darnall, an influential friend of the Lord Proprietor. Ten children were born, five of whom, two sons and three daughters grew to maturity. The eldest son, Henry, and the second, Charles, were sent to St. Omer's, the famous Catholic educational institution of penal days. Henry was entered as a barrister of the Inner Temple, but died at sea in 1719 while returning to Maryland. One year

later the founder of the family died, leaving his vast estates to his surviving heir. The second Charles Carroll finished his education abroad, and returned to Maryland in 1723. He took an active part in civil affairs, being one of the founders of the new city of Baltimore. Although wealthy and well educated, he found himself ostracized on account of his religion. The unjust and intolerant laws framed after the fall of James II were still rigidly enforced, and other enactments equally offensive were framed. The property of the priests, granted to them on the same terms as the other settlers, excited the cupidity of the delegates and a resolution was passed praying that these lands be seized and sold for the benefit of the Province. The priests were ordered to take the oath of Allegiance, Abhorrency and Abjuration, composed of blasphemies against the principal tenets of their religion. Catholics were excluded or excused from serving in the militia and were obliged to pay a double tax. No Catholic could vote or hold office. Benedict, fourth Lord Baltimore, had conformed to the established church and his son and successor, Charles, recovered the Province. The future of Catholicity seemed so hopeless that on two occasions, Charles Carroll contemplated selling his property and removing to the Mississippi Valley. His son dissuaded him on the first attempt and the French government refused assent to the second proposal. Charles Carroll married Elizabeth Brook, a distant relative whose parents were wealthy Catholics of the Province. One child was of this union, Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the future signer of the Declaration of Independence.

The third Charles Carroll was born at Annapolis, September 19, 1737. His earlier years were spent in the ancestral home under the guidance and tutelage of his fond parents. When ten years of age, he was sent to the Jesuit school at Bohemia on the Eastern Shore. Although Catholics numbered only one-twelfth of the population and the spirit of intolerance was rampant, these zealous priests labored to keep alive the ancient faith in the rising generation by establishing schools at Newtown and Bohemia. Their origin and history are veiled in obscurity, yet from their halls went forth some of the most illustrious names in American colonial history. One of his fellow students was his cousin, John Carroll, the first Bishop and Archbishop of Baltimore. The following year he went to Europe and matriculated