Apulia, kingdom of, held of the Pope by the
Emperor Frederic, 202 Aquitaine, Henry II. of England lord of, Homage done by Edward I. to
Philip III. of France for, 278. Seized by Charles the Fair, 409
Arches, Court of, origin of the, 146 Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons, 17. Of the Normans, 43
Arms of the ancient Britons, 6. Of the 14th century, 380
Army, mode of forming an, in the 14th century, 394. Mode of fighting at that time, 395 Arran, Isle of, castle of the, taken by Sir James Douglas for King Robert I., 332 Arthur of Brittany, claims the throne of England, 69. Takes possession of the English parts of France, 69. Taken pri- soner, 69. Murdered by his uncle King John of England, 70 Arthur, King, remains of, said to have been deposited at Glastonbury abbey, 274. True place of his burial not known, 274. fabulous history, 275. Belief of the Welsh in his return to earth, 275 Arundel, Earl of, joins the Barons in resisting
Edward II., 359. Refuses to attend Edward to Scotland, 379
Ascalon, Richard I. of England at, 66 Ashtree-hill, battle of, 20 Assizes, establishment of, 120
Athelney, Isle of, King Alfred in the, 22 Athelstan, King, ravages of the Danes in the reign of, 23. His laws regarding "lord- less men" quoted, 100
Austria, Duke of, offended by Richard I. of England, 66. Seizes and imprisons Richard,
Bakers, extortions of the, in the reign of Edward I., 285
Baliol, John. lays claim to the throne of Scotland, 287, 293. Goes to war with Robert Bruce, who is also a claimant, 287. His descent from King William the Lion, 293. Meeting of all the competitors for the throne at Berwick, 293. by Edward I. to be King of Scotland, 294. Does homage to Edward at Newcastle- upon-Tyne, 294. His character, 294. Treated unjustly by Edward I., 295. Releases Edward from his promises and oaths, and submits to further degradation,
295. Summoned to appear before Edward as his Lord Paramount, 295. Appears before the English Parliament at West- minster, 296. His answer respecting the complaint of the Earl of Fife, 296. Edward I. demands assistance from Baliol, which is refused, 301. Edward prepares to in- vade Scotland, 301. The war begun by the Scots, 302. Balio renounces his allegiance to Edward I., 302. Defeated and surrenders unconditionally, 303. Sent with his son to the Tower of London, 303. Set at liberty, 318. Table showing his descent from William the Lion, 341 Bamborough taken by the Danes, 24, 25 Bannockburn, battle of, 373 Baronies. See Manors
Barons, extort Magna Carta from KING JOHN, 71, 72. Their final struggle with him, 72. Call in the assistance of the French, 76. Their castles and great power under the feudal system, 78, 94. How they obtained the lands from the conquered Anglo Saxons, 96. Number of Baronies granted by William the Conqueror to his followers, 98, 99. Offer the crown of England to Louis, son of Philip Augustus, 157. Beginning of the contests with the Barons in the reign of HENRY III., 169. Refuse to give up the King's castles in- trusted to their care, 170. Compelled to give them up, 170. Demand a confirmation of Magna Carta, which they obtain, 170. History of the Baron Fulke de Bréauté, 170. Watched and harassed by the Earl of Salisbury and Fulke de Bréauté, 173. The part of the Barons taken by Fulke de Bréauté, 174. Refusal of the Barons to grant the King an aid unless the two charters are confirmed, 185. Being asked for money they tell the King to get it from Hubert de Burgh, 189. Compel the King to get rid of his foreign favourites, 191. Progress of the struggle between the King and the Barons, 200. Solemn scene on the occasion of the King swearing to ob- serve the charters, 202. The King binds himself to pay the expenses of the Pope's war in Sicily, 203. Determination of the Barons to insist on reform, 204. The Earl of Cornwall being made King of the Romaus, the Barons place themselves under the guidance of the Earls of Here- ford, Gloucester, and Leicester, 204. At- tendance of the Barons in armour at a council at Westminster, 205. Their de- mand that the government be intrusted to a committee yielded to by the King, 206. Hold a Parliament at Oxford, 206. Pass the Provisions of Oxford, 206.
The justices Barons from Compromise
Become impatient for reform, 206. Their disappointment at the plan proposed by Parliament, 208. Quarrel between the Earl of Gloucester and De Montfort, 210. Reconciliation effected and civil war pre- vented by the mediation of the King of the Romans, 210. The King grows "grievous weary" of the provisions of Oxford, 211. And attempts to free himself from his oaths, 211. Absolution obtained by the King from the Pope, 211. Prince Edward refuses to accept the absolution, and takes part with the Barons, 212. itinerant prevented by the going their circuits, 212. effected with the King to confirm some of the provisions of Oxford and abrogate the rest, 212. Prince Edward abandons the Barons and supports his father vigorously, 213. The Barons declare the King and Prince perjurers, and proceed to open hos- tility, 213. Send a humble petition to the King to observe the provisions of Oxford, 213. Compel the King to yield, 214, 215. The Barons again attacked by the King and Prince Edward, 215. Encamp at Southwark, and prevent the King from coming into London, 215. Submit their differences with the King to the arbitration of Louis IX. of France, 216. Who gives an unsatisfactory decision, 216. Refusal of the Barons to abide by the award, 216. And return to arms, 217. Strength of the King's party compared with that of the Barons, 217. Preparations for a decisive struggle, 217. Cruelty of the Barons to the Jews, 218. The King's preparations, 218. The King takes the field at the head of a considerable force, 218. And obtains success at first, 218. But is defeated and taken prisoner at the battle of Lewes. 219, 220. Efforts of the Queen to deliver the King from the power of the Barons, 221, 222. His cause espoused by the Pope, who sends over Cardinal Guido, 222. Guido stops at Boulogne and excommunicates the Barons, 222. Decision of Parliament to release the Prince Edward, 222. Desertion of the Earl of Gloucester and increase of the Royalist party, 223. Preparations for a renewal of the contest between the King and the Barons, 224. Umpires selected to settle differences, 224. Escape of Prince Edward from the custody of De Montfort, 224. The military tenants of the crown summoned by De Montfort, 224. Their junction with him prevented by the Earl of Gloucester, 224. Welsh troops supplied to the Barons by Llewellyn,
Prince of Wales, 225. Defeat and death of De Montfort at the battle of Evesham, 227, 228. Triumph of the King over the Barons, 228. Enactment of severe measures against the defeated Barons and their followers, 230. The dispossessed Knights and Barons become banditti, 230. Many take refuge in the Isle of Ely, 231. Besieged by the Royalists in Kenilworth, which is reduced by famine, 231. "Dictum of Kenilworth" drawn up and approved by Parliament, 231. Accession of EDWARD THE FIRST, 250. Tyranny of the Barons, 267. Remedies provided by the statutes of Westminster, 267. Their resistance to the writs of Quo Warranto issued by Edward I., 276. Great quarrel between Edward I. and the Barons, 306. The Barons' Parliament in the forest of Wyre, 307. Refuse to assemble at Win- chelsea, 307. Compel Edward I. to ratify the charters, 319. Accession of ED- WARD THE SECOND, 333. Offence given by Piers Gaveston to the Barons at a tournament at Wallingford, 350. Who demand the banishinent of Gaveston, 357. Give their consent to the coronation of the King and Queen, 357. Determine to banish Gaveston, and hunt him over half the kingdom, 358. Bring the King to reason, and compel him to send Ga- veston to Ireland, 359. Complain to the King of the oppressions of his officers, 359. Gaveston brought back by the King without the consent of the Barons, 360. Tournaments put down by the King, 360. Refusal of some of the Barons to attend a parliament at York, 360. Banish Ga- veston, who returns, 364, 365. Band themselves together to resist the King, 365. Hold tournaments in several places, 366. Confederacy of the principal Barons, 366. Demand that Gaveston shall be again banished or given up to them, 366. Pursue him from place to place, and finally take him prisoner, 367. Put him to death, 367. Demand the confirmation of the ordinances, 368. Assemble their forces at Dunstable to compel the King to yield to their demands, 368. A reconciliation effected, 368, 369. Stormy meeting of the King and Barons in Parliament, 370. Peace restored on terms humiliating to them, 370. Complaints of the Barons at the King's favouritism of the two Despensers, 401. Refusal of the King to banish his favourites, 402. Ad- vised by the Queen to yield to the Barons, 402. Compel the King to pass an Act of Indemnity, 404. The Queen turned
Battle, trial by, or ordeal combat, 128.
Only recently abolished, 128
Beasts, wild, in woods of England in the 13th century, 252
Beatrice, second daughter of Henry III., married to John de Dreux, Duke of Brittany, 246. Her death, 246 Beaucaire, great fair of, 181
Beaumaris Castle, built by Edward I., 301 Beaumont, Henry de, appointed one of the governors of Scotland, 372 Becket, Thomas à, his early life, 58. His pomp and luxury at Great Berkham- sted, 58. Made Chancellor, 58. And Archbishop of Canterbury, 58. Sides with the Pope in his struggle with the King, 59. Secretly escapes to France, 59. Re- turns to England, 59. Murdered at Can- terbury, 60. Canonised, 61 Bedford Castle given to the freebooter Fulke
de Bréauté, 172. Besieged and taken by Henry III., 175
Beer, kind of, drunk in the 13th century, 260 Belgians, their settlements on the sea coast
of Britain in the time of Cæsar, 5 Berkeley Castle, Edward II. murdered in,415 Berkhamsted, Great, Thomas à Becket at
the castle of, 58. The castle taken by Louis, son of Philip Augustus, 163. Dis- pute between Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and Henry III. respecting the right of the former to, 187
Berkshire, ancient name of, 34. Meaning of the name, 34
Bernicia, foundation of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of, 16
Berwick-on-Tweed, meeting of the com- petitors for the Scottish throne at,
292. Taken by Edward I., and its in- habitants massacred, 302. Castle of, be- sieged and taken by King Robert Bruce, 393. The fortifications strengthened by him, 394
Beverley, woollen manufactures of, in the 13th century, 261
Bishops, attempts of the Pope to obtain the sole right of appointing, 143 Blackburnshire, formerly a county, 33 Blondel, the minstrel of Richard I. of Eng-
land, discovers the place of his master's imprisonment, 67
Boadicea, Queen, takes the field against the Romans, 11. Defeated at St. Albans, 11 Bordeaux, wine trade of, in the 13th cen- tury, 261
Borough-reeve, the office of, 31
Boun, or Bohun, Sir Henry de, attacks Robert Bruce, but is killed by him, 384 Brabazon, Roger, Justiciary of England, asserts the claims of King Edward I. as Lord Paramount of Scotland, 291. His answer to the Scotch nobles, 295 Brechin, Sir David de, attacks his uncle,
Robert I., the Bruce, 371. Defeated, 371 Bretland, Wales so called by the Danes in the 10th century, 24
Bristol, arms of the city of, 83. Quarrel between the citizens of, and the foreign soldiers of Edward, son of Henry III., 214. Fortified by Edward II., 413. Besieged and taken by Queen Isabella,
Britons, or Celts, earliest reliable notice of the, 3. Herodotus, 3. Strabo, 3. Their trade with the Phoenicians, 3. mode of getting the tin, 4. original habitat, 5. Their language, 5. Driven into Wales and the West of Eng- land, 5. Their manners and customs, as described by Cæsar, 5. Their chariots and horses, 6. Their mode of warfare, 6. Their agriculture, 6. Their towns, 7. Their religion, 7. Their barrows, or burying-places, 9. Their cromlechs, 9. Attempts of the Romans to conquer them, 9. Landing of Julius Cæsar, Their defeat under Cassivelaunus, 11. And under Caractacus and Boa- dicea, 11. Attacked by the Picts and Scots, 11. Walls built by the Romans, 11. What the Romans did for the Britons, 12. Introduction of Christianity, 13. Arrival of the Saxons, 14. Tenure of land of the ancient Britons, 79. come perhaps the thralls or villeins of the Anglo-Saxons, 99. Take refuge in Wales on the Saxon invasion, 269 Brittany, John de Dreux, Duke of, married
to Beatrice, second daughter of Henry III. of England, 246
Bruce, Robert, lays claim to the throne
of Scotland, 287, 293. Goes to war with Baliol, who is also a claimant, 287. His descent from King William the Lion, 293. Meeting of the compe- titors at Berwick, 293 Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick. See Robert I.
Bruce, Sir Edward, brother of Robert I., drives the English out of Galloway, 372. Commands the right division of the Scots at the battle of Bannockburn, 383. Invades Ireland, and is crowned King of that country, 390
Buchan, Comyn Earl of, attacks Robert Bruce, who defeats him, 371 Buckinghamshire, ravaged by the Normans under William the Conqueror, 45 Burgh, Hubert de, besieged in Dover Castle, 163. With Peter des Roches intrusted with the guardianship of the young King Henry III, 168. Rivalry of the two guardians, 168, 183. Charged with avarice, and called on for an account of his stewardship, 189. Escapes to the priory of Merton, 189. Visits his wife at Bury St. Edmunds, 190. A body of armed men sent after him, 190. Takes refuge in a church, 190. Dragged from the altar and taken prisoner to the Tower of London, 190. Restored to the Church, 190. Surrenders to the King, 190. Restored to his estates, but sent prisoner to the castle of Devizes, 190. Again in disgrace, and again purchases the favour of the King, 192, 193. Declares the damages and injuries sustained by Henry III. in his dominions in France, and de- mands an aid for the King, 185. Has the sole guidance of the young King, 187. Advises the King to refuse the request of the messengers from the French pro- vinces, 188. Blamed for the miscarriage of the expedition, 189 Burg-motes, or town-courts, of the Anglo- Saxons, 110
Burial-places of the ancient Britons, or barrows, 8, 9. Cromlechs, or druidical tombs, 9
Bury St. Edmunds, origin of the town of,
Cassivelaunus, 10, 11. Leaves England and returns to Rome, 11
Canon Law, the, 139. The courts in which this law is administered, 139. Origin of the term canon law, 141. Col- lection of canon law of the reign of Stephen, 142
Canterbury, origin of the name of, 34. Pilgrimages to the shrine of St. Thomas à Becket at, 61. The shrine destroyed by Henry VIII., 61
Canterbury, Archbishop of, treated with severity by Edward I., 305. Reconciled to the King, 308
Cantwara, the old kingdom of, 34 Canute, King, attacked by Ethelred, and compelled to retire to his ships, 26. Subdues Wessex and passes into Mercia,
Ceorls, or Churls, condition of, among the Normans under the feudal system, 100. Might become thanes, 101 Chalons, Count of, challenges Edward I. to a tournament in Burgundy, 264. The Count's treachery and death, 264 Chalus, siege of the castle of, King Richard I. mortally wounded at the, 68 Chancellor, Lord High, origin of the office of, 132, 133. Chancellor of the Anglo- Saxon kings, 133. The Chancellor anciently always a priest, 134. Why called the Keeper of the King's Con- science, 134. Why made Judge of the
Court of Chancery, 134. Also made Keeper of the King's seal, 136 Chancery, Court of, importance of the, 132. Its origin, 132. Derivation of the words Chancery and Chancellor, 133. How the Chancellor came to be Judge of the Court of Chancery, 134. The law ad- ministered in the Court of Chancery founded on the Roman Law, 135. The Great Seal, 136. Examples of the remedies provided by the Court of Chancery, 137. The spirit rather than the letter of the law enforced by the Court, 137. Its interference to pre- vent the commission of injuries, 138. Period when the Court of Chancery became a distinct and separate court, 138
Charing, Queen Eleanor's cross at, 291 Chariots of the ancient Britons, 6 Charles the Fair, King of France, summons Edward II. to do homage for his French dominions, 408. Seizes Guienne and Gascony, 408. The Earl of Kent sent to him to do homage, 409. Charles refuses to accept their performance of that duty, and seizes Aquitaine and Poitou, 410. Makes peace with England,
Claret wine, origin of the name, 260. Great trade in, in the 13th century, 260. Claudius, the Emperor, sends an army to conquer Britain, 11
Clement IV., Pope (Cardinal Guido, which see), congratulates Henry III, on his vic- tory over the Barons, 232. Exhorts the King to be moderate, 232. Persnades Prince Edward (afterwards Edward L.) to undertake a new crusade against the Saracens, 232
Clement V., Pope, grants Edward I. absolu- tion from his oath as to the forests, 326. Assists Philip the Fair in bringing about the destruction of the order of the Knights Templars, 351, et seq.
Clement Danes, St., settlement of Danes at, 36 Clergy, their study of the law in Anglo-
Saxon times, 103. One always present in courts of law, 111. History of the laws relative to the, 138. The Canon Law, 139. The clergy joined with the laity in law matters from the earliest times, 140. Attempts made to withdraw the clergy from the jurisdiction of the temporal courts, 142. And to obtain the right of presentment to livings, 143. Contests between the Church and King, 142, 143. The Pope's oppression of the clergy in the 13th century, 193. Contributions levied on them by the Pope, 194. Their resistance, 195. Submit to the Pope's demands, 196. Meeting of the King, nobles, and clergy at Oxford,196. Consent of the clergy to a contribution of 11,000 marks, 197. Hundreds of foreigners ap- pointed by the Pope to vacant English livings, 197. Livings kept vacant by Henry III. in order that he may take the revenues himself, 197. Refusal of the clergy to grant Edward I. an aid without the consent of the Pope, 304. Put by the King out of his protection, 304. Effect of this, 305. Meeting of the clergy to resist the extortions of the King, 307. The King reconciled to them, 307 Cleveland, in Yorkshire, 33 Clifford, Sir Robert, takes command of part of the English army at the battle of Ban- nockburn, 384. Driven back by Randolph, Earl of Moray, 384
Clovis, King of the Franks, and the sol- dier, anecdote of, 80
Code of Laws of England. See Laws of England
Coin, improvements of Edward I. in the,
276. Great numbers of Jews thrown into prison and put to death for clipping coin, 277 Commerce, mode in which the foreign, of
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