APU

Apulia, kingdom of, held of the Pope by the

Emperor Frederic, 202
Aquitaine, Henry II. of England lord of,
Homage done by Edward I. to

57.

Philip III. of France for, 278. Seized by
Charles the Fair, 409

Arches, Court of, origin of the, 146
Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons, 17. Of
the Normans, 43

Arms of the ancient Britons, 6. Of the
14th century, 380

Army, mode of forming an, in the 14th
century, 394.
Mode of fighting at that
time, 395
Arran, Isle of, castle of the, taken by Sir
James Douglas for King Robert I., 332
Arthur of Brittany, claims the throne of
England, 69. Takes possession of the
English parts of France, 69. Taken pri-
soner, 69. Murdered by his uncle King
John of England, 70
Arthur, King, remains of, said to have been
deposited at Glastonbury abbey, 274. True
place of his burial not known, 274.
fabulous history, 275. Belief of the
Welsh in his return to earth, 275
Arundel, Earl of, joins the Barons in resisting

His

Edward II., 359. Refuses to attend
Edward to Scotland, 379

Ascalon, Richard I. of England at, 66
Ashtree-hill, battle of, 20
Assizes, establishment of, 120

Athelney, Isle of, King Alfred in the, 22
Athelstan, King, ravages of the Danes in the
reign of, 23. His laws regarding "lord-
less men" quoted, 100

Austria, Duke of, offended by Richard I. of
England, 66. Seizes and imprisons Richard,

Bakers, extortions of the, in the reign of
Edward I., 285

Decided

Baliol, John. lays claim to the throne of
Scotland, 287, 293. Goes to war with
Robert Bruce, who is also a claimant,
287. His descent from King William the
Lion, 293. Meeting of all the competitors
for the throne at Berwick, 293.
by Edward I. to be King of Scotland, 294.
Does homage to Edward at Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, 294. His character, 294.
Treated unjustly by Edward I., 295.
Releases Edward from his promises and
oaths, and submits to further degradation,

BAR

295. Summoned to appear before Edward
as his Lord Paramount, 295. Appears
before the English Parliament at West-
minster, 296. His answer respecting the
complaint of the Earl of Fife, 296. Edward
I. demands assistance from Baliol, which
is refused, 301. Edward prepares to in-
vade Scotland, 301. The war begun by
the Scots, 302. Balio renounces his
allegiance to Edward I., 302. Defeated
and surrenders unconditionally, 303. Sent
with his son to the Tower of London, 303.
Set at liberty, 318. Table showing his
descent from William the Lion, 341
Bamborough taken by the Danes, 24, 25
Bannockburn, battle of, 373
Baronies. See Manors

Barons, extort Magna Carta from KING JOHN,
71, 72. Their final struggle with him, 72.
Call in the assistance of the French, 76.
Their castles and great power under
the feudal system, 78, 94. How they
obtained the lands from the conquered
Anglo Saxons, 96. Number of Baronies
granted by William the Conqueror to his
followers, 98, 99. Offer the crown of
England to Louis, son of Philip Augustus,
157. Beginning of the contests with the
Barons in the reign of HENRY III., 169.
Refuse to give up the King's castles in-
trusted to their care, 170. Compelled to
give them up, 170. Demand a confirmation
of Magna Carta, which they obtain, 170.
History of the Baron Fulke de Bréauté,
170. Watched and harassed by the Earl
of Salisbury and Fulke de Bréauté, 173.
The part of the Barons taken by Fulke
de Bréauté, 174. Refusal of the Barons
to grant the King an aid unless the two
charters are confirmed, 185. Being asked
for money they tell the King to get it from
Hubert de Burgh, 189. Compel the King
to get rid of his foreign favourites, 191.
Progress of the struggle between the King
and the Barons, 200. Solemn scene on
the occasion of the King swearing to ob-
serve the charters, 202. The King binds
himself to pay the expenses of the Pope's
war in Sicily, 203. Determination of the
Barons to insist on reform, 204. The
Earl of Cornwall being made King of the
Romaus, the Barons place themselves
under the guidance of the Earls of Here-
ford, Gloucester, and Leicester, 204. At-
tendance of the Barons in armour at a
council at Westminster, 205. Their de-
mand that the government be intrusted
to a committee yielded to by the King,
206. Hold a Parliament at Oxford, 206.
Pass the Provisions of Oxford, 206.

BAR

The justices
Barons from
Compromise

Become impatient for reform, 206. Their
disappointment at the plan proposed by
Parliament, 208. Quarrel between the
Earl of Gloucester and De Montfort, 210.
Reconciliation effected and civil war pre-
vented by the mediation of the King of the
Romans, 210. The King grows "grievous
weary" of the provisions of Oxford, 211.
And attempts to free himself from his
oaths, 211. Absolution obtained by the
King from the Pope, 211. Prince Edward
refuses to accept the absolution, and takes
part with the Barons, 212.
itinerant prevented by the
going their circuits, 212.
effected with the King to confirm some of
the provisions of Oxford and abrogate the
rest, 212. Prince Edward abandons the
Barons and supports his father vigorously,
213. The Barons declare the King and
Prince perjurers, and proceed to open hos-
tility, 213. Send a humble petition to the
King to observe the provisions of Oxford,
213. Compel the King to yield, 214, 215.
The Barons again attacked by the King
and Prince Edward, 215. Encamp at
Southwark, and prevent the King from
coming into London, 215. Submit their
differences with the King to the arbitration
of Louis IX. of France, 216. Who gives an
unsatisfactory decision, 216. Refusal of the
Barons to abide by the award, 216. And
return to arms, 217. Strength of the
King's party compared with that of the
Barons, 217. Preparations for a decisive
struggle, 217. Cruelty of the Barons to
the Jews, 218. The King's preparations,
218. The King takes the field at the head
of a considerable force, 218. And obtains
success at first, 218. But is defeated
and taken prisoner at the battle of
Lewes. 219, 220. Efforts of the Queen
to deliver the King from the power
of the Barons, 221, 222. His cause
espoused by the Pope, who sends over
Cardinal Guido, 222. Guido stops at
Boulogne and excommunicates the Barons,
222. Decision of Parliament to release the
Prince Edward, 222. Desertion of the Earl
of Gloucester and increase of the Royalist
party, 223. Preparations for a renewal
of the contest between the King and the
Barons, 224. Umpires selected to settle
differences, 224. Escape of Prince Edward
from the custody of De Montfort, 224.
The military tenants of the crown
summoned by De Montfort, 224. Their
junction with him prevented by the
Earl of Gloucester, 224. Welsh troops
supplied to the Barons by Llewellyn,

BAR

The

Prince of Wales, 225. Defeat and death
of De Montfort at the battle of Evesham,
227, 228. Triumph of the King over
the Barons, 228. Enactment of severe
measures against the defeated Barons and
their followers, 230. The dispossessed
Knights and Barons become banditti, 230.
Many take refuge in the Isle of Ely, 231.
Besieged by the Royalists in Kenilworth,
which is reduced by famine, 231.
"Dictum of Kenilworth" drawn up and
approved by Parliament, 231. Accession
of EDWARD THE FIRST, 250. Tyranny
of the Barons, 267. Remedies provided by
the statutes of Westminster, 267. Their
resistance to the writs of Quo Warranto
issued by Edward I., 276. Great quarrel
between Edward I. and the Barons, 306.
The Barons' Parliament in the forest of
Wyre, 307. Refuse to assemble at Win-
chelsea, 307. Compel Edward I. to
ratify the charters, 319. Accession of ED-
WARD THE SECOND, 333. Offence given
by Piers Gaveston to the Barons at a
tournament at Wallingford, 350. Who
demand the banishinent of Gaveston, 357.
Give their consent to the coronation of
the King and Queen, 357. Determine
to banish Gaveston, and hunt him over
half the kingdom, 358. Bring the King
to reason, and compel him to send Ga-
veston to Ireland, 359. Complain to the
King of the oppressions of his officers,
359. Gaveston brought back by the King
without the consent of the Barons, 360.
Tournaments put down by the King, 360.
Refusal of some of the Barons to attend a
parliament at York, 360. Banish Ga-
veston, who returns, 364, 365. Band
themselves together to resist the King,
365. Hold tournaments in several places,
366. Confederacy of the principal Barons,
366. Demand that Gaveston shall be again
banished or given up to them, 366. Pursue
him from place to place, and finally take
him prisoner, 367. Put him to death,
367. Demand the confirmation of the
ordinances, 368. Assemble their forces at
Dunstable to compel the King to yield to
their demands, 368. A reconciliation
effected, 368, 369. Stormy meeting of
the King and Barons in Parliament, 370.
Peace restored on terms humiliating to
them, 370. Complaints of the Barons
at the King's favouritism of the two
Despensers, 401. Refusal of the King
to banish his favourites, 402. Ad-
vised by the Queen to yield to the Barons,
402. Compel the King to pass an Act
of Indemnity, 404. The Queen turned

Battle, trial by, or ordeal combat, 128.

Only recently abolished, 128

Beasts, wild, in woods of England in the
13th century, 252

Beatrice, second daughter of Henry III.,
married to John de Dreux, Duke of
Brittany, 246. Her death, 246
Beaucaire, great fair of, 181

Beaumaris Castle, built by Edward I., 301
Beaumont, Henry de, appointed one of the
governors of Scotland, 372
Becket, Thomas à, his early life, 58. His
pomp and luxury at Great Berkham-
sted, 58. Made Chancellor, 58. And
Archbishop of Canterbury, 58. Sides with
the Pope in his struggle with the King,
59. Secretly escapes to France, 59. Re-
turns to England, 59. Murdered at Can-
terbury, 60. Canonised, 61
Bedford Castle given to the freebooter Fulke

de Bréauté, 172. Besieged and taken
by Henry III., 175

Beer, kind of, drunk in the 13th century, 260
Belgians, their settlements on the sea coast

of Britain in the time of Cæsar, 5
Berkeley Castle, Edward II. murdered in,415
Berkhamsted, Great, Thomas à Becket at

the castle of, 58. The castle taken by
Louis, son of Philip Augustus, 163. Dis-
pute between Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
and Henry III. respecting the right of
the former to, 187

Berkshire, ancient name of, 34. Meaning
of the name, 34

Bernicia, foundation of the Anglo-Saxon
kingdom of, 16

Berwick-on-Tweed, meeting of the com-
petitors for the Scottish throne at,

BRI

292. Taken by Edward I., and its in-
habitants massacred, 302. Castle of, be-
sieged and taken by King Robert Bruce,
393. The fortifications strengthened by
him, 394

Beverley, woollen manufactures of, in the
13th century, 261

Bishops, attempts of the Pope to obtain the
sole right of appointing, 143
Blackburnshire, formerly a county, 33
Blondel, the minstrel of Richard I. of Eng-

land, discovers the place of his master's
imprisonment, 67

Boadicea, Queen, takes the field against the
Romans, 11. Defeated at St. Albans, 11
Bordeaux, wine trade of, in the 13th cen-
tury, 261

Borough-reeve, the office of, 31

Boun, or Bohun, Sir Henry de, attacks
Robert Bruce, but is killed by him, 384
Brabazon, Roger, Justiciary of England,
asserts the claims of King Edward I. as
Lord Paramount of Scotland, 291. His
answer to the Scotch nobles, 295
Brechin, Sir David de, attacks his uncle,

Robert I., the Bruce, 371. Defeated, 371
Bretland, Wales so called by the Danes in
the 10th century, 24

Bristol, arms of the city of, 83. Quarrel
between the citizens of, and the foreign
soldiers of Edward, son of Henry III.,
214. Fortified by Edward II., 413.
Besieged and taken by Queen Isabella,

413

Their
Their

Britons, or Celts, earliest reliable notice of
the, 3. Herodotus, 3. Strabo, 3. Their
trade with the Phoenicians, 3.
mode of getting the tin, 4.
original habitat, 5. Their language, 5.
Driven into Wales and the West of Eng-
land, 5. Their manners and customs, as
described by Cæsar, 5. Their chariots
and horses, 6. Their mode of warfare, 6.
Their agriculture, 6. Their towns, 7.
Their religion, 7. Their barrows, or
burying-places, 9. Their cromlechs, 9.
Attempts of the Romans to conquer
them, 9. Landing of Julius Cæsar,
Their defeat under Cassivelaunus,
11.
And under Caractacus and Boa-
dicea, 11. Attacked by the Picts and
Scots, 11. Walls built by the Romans,
11. What the Romans did for the
Britons, 12. Introduction of Christianity,
13. Arrival of the Saxons, 14. Tenure
of land of the ancient Britons, 79.
come perhaps the thralls or villeins of
the Anglo-Saxons, 99. Take refuge in
Wales on the Saxon invasion, 269
Brittany, John de Dreux, Duke of, married

10.

Be-

BRU

to Beatrice, second daughter of Henry
III. of England, 246

Bruce, Robert, lays claim to the throne

of Scotland, 287, 293. Goes to war
with Baliol, who is also a claimant,
287. His descent from King William
the Lion, 293. Meeting of the compe-
titors at Berwick, 293
Bruce, Robert, Earl of Carrick. See
Robert I.

Bruce, Sir Edward, brother of Robert I.,
drives the English out of Galloway, 372.
Commands the right division of the Scots
at the battle of Bannockburn, 383.
Invades Ireland, and is crowned King of
that country, 390

Buchan, Comyn Earl of, attacks Robert
Bruce, who defeats him, 371
Buckinghamshire, ravaged by the Normans
under William the Conqueror, 45
Burgh, Hubert de, besieged in Dover Castle,
163. With Peter des Roches intrusted
with the guardianship of the young King
Henry III, 168. Rivalry of the two
guardians, 168, 183. Charged with
avarice, and called on for an account of
his stewardship, 189. Escapes to the
priory of Merton, 189. Visits his wife
at Bury St. Edmunds, 190. A body of
armed men sent after him, 190. Takes
refuge in a church, 190. Dragged from
the altar and taken prisoner to the Tower
of London, 190. Restored to the Church,
190. Surrenders to the King, 190.
Restored to his estates, but sent prisoner
to the castle of Devizes, 190. Again in
disgrace, and again purchases the favour
of the King, 192, 193. Declares the
damages and injuries sustained by Henry
III. in his dominions in France, and de-
mands an aid for the King, 185. Has
the sole guidance of the young King, 187.
Advises the King to refuse the request of
the messengers from the French pro-
vinces, 188. Blamed for the miscarriage
of the expedition, 189
Burg-motes, or town-courts, of the Anglo-
Saxons, 110

Burial-places of the ancient Britons, or
barrows, 8, 9. Cromlechs, or druidical
tombs, 9

Bury St. Edmunds, origin of the town of,

CHA

Cassivelaunus, 10, 11. Leaves England
and returns to Rome, 11

Canon Law, the, 139. The courts in
which this law is administered, 139.
Origin of the term canon law, 141. Col-
lection of canon law of the reign of
Stephen, 142

Canterbury, origin of the name of, 34.
Pilgrimages to the shrine of St. Thomas à
Becket at, 61. The shrine destroyed by
Henry VIII., 61

Canterbury, Archbishop of, treated with
severity by Edward I., 305. Reconciled
to the King, 308

Cantwara, the old kingdom of, 34
Canute, King, attacked by Ethelred, and
compelled to retire to his ships, 26.
Subdues Wessex and passes into Mercia,

Ceorls, or Churls, condition of, among the
Normans under the feudal system, 100.
Might become thanes, 101
Chalons, Count of, challenges Edward I. to
a tournament in Burgundy, 264. The
Count's treachery and death, 264
Chalus, siege of the castle of, King
Richard I. mortally wounded at the, 68
Chancellor, Lord High, origin of the office
of, 132, 133. Chancellor of the Anglo-
Saxon kings, 133. The Chancellor
anciently always a priest, 134. Why
called the Keeper of the King's Con-
science, 134. Why made Judge of the

CHA

Court of Chancery, 134. Also made
Keeper of the King's seal, 136
Chancery, Court of, importance of the, 132.
Its origin, 132. Derivation of the words
Chancery and Chancellor, 133. How
the Chancellor came to be Judge of the
Court of Chancery, 134. The law ad-
ministered in the Court of Chancery
founded on the Roman Law, 135. The
Great Seal, 136. Examples of the
remedies provided by the Court of
Chancery, 137. The spirit rather than
the letter of the law enforced by the
Court, 137. Its interference to pre-
vent the commission of injuries, 138.
Period when the Court of Chancery
became a distinct and separate court,
138

Charing, Queen Eleanor's cross at, 291
Chariots of the ancient Britons, 6
Charles the Fair, King of France, summons
Edward II. to do homage for his French
dominions, 408. Seizes Guienne and
Gascony, 408. The Earl of Kent sent
to him to do homage, 409. Charles
refuses to accept their performance of
that duty, and seizes Aquitaine and
Poitou, 410. Makes peace with England,

COM

Claret wine, origin of the name, 260. Great
trade in, in the 13th century, 260.
Claudius, the Emperor, sends an army to
conquer Britain, 11

Clement IV., Pope (Cardinal Guido, which
see), congratulates Henry III, on his vic-
tory over the Barons, 232. Exhorts the
King to be moderate, 232. Persnades
Prince Edward (afterwards Edward L.) to
undertake a new crusade against the
Saracens, 232

Clement V., Pope, grants Edward I. absolu-
tion from his oath as to the forests, 326.
Assists Philip the Fair in bringing about
the destruction of the order of the
Knights Templars, 351, et seq.

Clement Danes, St., settlement of Danes at, 36
Clergy, their study of the law in Anglo-

Saxon times, 103. One always present
in courts of law, 111. History of the
laws relative to the, 138. The Canon
Law, 139. The clergy joined with the
laity in law matters from the earliest times,
140. Attempts made to withdraw the
clergy from the jurisdiction of the temporal
courts, 142. And to obtain the right of
presentment to livings, 143. Contests
between the Church and King, 142, 143.
The Pope's oppression of the clergy in
the 13th century, 193. Contributions
levied on them by the Pope, 194. Their
resistance, 195. Submit to the Pope's
demands, 196. Meeting of the King,
nobles, and clergy at Oxford,196. Consent
of the clergy to a contribution of 11,000
marks, 197. Hundreds of foreigners ap-
pointed by the Pope to vacant English
livings, 197. Livings kept vacant by
Henry III. in order that he may take the
revenues himself, 197. Refusal of the
clergy to grant Edward I. an aid without
the consent of the Pope, 304. Put by the
King out of his protection, 304. Effect
of this, 305. Meeting of the clergy to
resist the extortions of the King, 307.
The King reconciled to them, 307
Cleveland, in Yorkshire, 33
Clifford, Sir Robert, takes command of part
of the English army at the battle of Ban-
nockburn, 384. Driven back by Randolph,
Earl of Moray, 384

Clovis, King of the Franks, and the sol-
dier, anecdote of, 80

Code of Laws of England. See Laws of
England

Coin, improvements of Edward I. in the,

276. Great numbers of Jews thrown
into prison and put to death for clipping
coin, 277
Commerce, mode in which the foreign, of