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Wallingham. by Zucchero; Sir George Villars, by Janfen; his fon, the Duke of Buckingham, by Rubens; the Earl of Sandwich, b Sir Peter Lely, Frances Countefs of Exeter, by Vandyke; Mr. Le Neve, by Janfen; and his fon, an alderman of Norwich, an uncommonly fine picture, by Sir Peter Lely.

At the end of the gallery is a circular drawing-room, the chimney-piece of which was defigned from the tomb of Edward the Confellor in Weltmiúfter Abbey. In this room is the valuable antique buft, in bafaltes, of Jupiter Serapis, purchafed out of the Dutchess of Portland's collection; Vandyke's picture of the Counteffes of Carlifle and Leicester; Mrs. Lemon, by the fame artift; and a few good pictures of the old masters.

"The tribune or cabinet is a fmall fquare room, with a femicircular recefs in the middle of each fide. A ftar of yellow glafs on the top throws a deceitful fhade over the room, which makes every thing appear as if gilt. In this room is the cabinet of enamels and miniatures, containing a greater number of valuable portraits by Petitot Zincke, and Cliver, than are to be found in any other collection. Among the most beautiful are Cowley, the poet, by Zincke; the Countefs D'Olonne, by Petitor; and Ifaac Oliver, by himfelf: Catherine Parr and Catherine of Arragon, by Holbein, are very valuable. In the glafs cafes on each fide of the cabinet are fome exqui fite fpecimens of art; particularly a fmall bronze buft of Caligula, with filver eyes, found at Herculaneum, and given to Lord Orford by Sir Horace Mann; a magnificent miffal with miniatures, by Raphael and his fcholars; and the beautiful filver bell of Benvenuto Cellini, covered with antique maks, infects, &c. exquifitely wrought in alto relievo, fo as to bear the minuteft infpection with a glafs. Among the pictures in this room may be noticed the Countess of Somerfet, by Ifaac Oliver; and a beautiful picture of Cornelius Polenburg, by himself.

"The chimney-piece in the great north bedchamber was defigned by Mr. Walpole, from the tomb of Bifhop Dudley in Westminster Abbey; it is of Portland ftone, gilt. Over the chimney is a very curious picture of Henry VIII. and his children. The most remarkable portraits in this room are, the fine picture on board of Henry VII.; the Dutchefs de la Valiere; Madam de Maintenon; Ninon de l'Encios; Ogleby, the poet, by Fuller; a fine whole length of Mrs. Margaret Smith, by Vandyke; Philip Earl of Pembroke, by Mytens; and the original portrait of Catharine of Braganza, fent to England previously to her marriage with Charles II. In this room alfo are Hogarth's fketch of the Beggars Opera, containing portraits of the original performers, and the rehearfal of an Italian opera (by Marco Ricci), with portraits of Nicolini, Mrs. Tofts, and Margarita del Efpina, celebrated fingers.

In the Beauclerk clofet are Lady Diana Beauclerk's beautiful drawings, from fcenes in the tragedy of the Mysterious Mother. They are very happily defigned from fome of the most interesting fcenes in that much-admired drama, and are executed with equal correctness and expreffion.

"In the library over the circular drawing-room is a profile of Mr. Barry, the celebrated actress in the reign of George the Firft, by Sir Godfrey Kneller; and Mrs. Clive, by Davifon. This library contains a very valuable and extenfive collection of prints; among which are a series of engraved English portraits bound in volumes, the works of Faithorn, Hogarth, and others of the most eminent En glish artists.

"The piers of the garden-gate are copied from the tomb of Bishop William de Luda, in Ely cathedral.

"The front of the chapel was defigned from Eishop Audley's tomb at Salisbury. In this chapel are four pannels of wood from the Abbey of St. Edmondsbury, with the portraits of Cardinal Beaufort, Humphrey Duke of Gloucefter, and Archbishop Kemp; and a magnificent fhrine in Mofaic, the work of Peter Cavalini, who made the tomb of Edward the Confeffor in Weftminster Abbey; it was origi nally erected in 1256, over the bodies of the martyrs Simplicius, Fauftina, and Beatrix, in the church of S Maria Maggiore at Rome; and was removed thence when the new pavement was laid in 1768. The window in the chapel was brought from Bexhill in Suflex. The principal figures are Henry III. and his Queen.

"About the year 1757, Mr. Walpole fitted up a private prefs near his houfe at Strawberry Hill, at which most of his own works and fome other books have been printed.

"The cottage in the flower-garden was formerly the refidence of Franklin, the printer of the Craftsman.

"The Earl of Orford permits his villa to be feen by any curious perfons on applying to him for a ticket, and complying with certain rules which he has found it neceffary, on account of its fituation fo near London, and in a populous neighbourhood, to prescribe. Thefe rules, which are printed on the tickets, ftate, that the boule at Strawberry Hill is fhewn to parties of four perfons only, from the first of May to the first of October, between the hours of twelve and three; and, as only one party is admitted on each day, a ticket cannot be given for a day that has been already engaged." P. 567.

It is necessary to add that this work is adorned with plates, many of which, though the reader is not fo informed in the preface, are etched by the fame hand which contributed to the embellishments of the first volume, that of Mr. S. Lyfons, and exhibit great proofs of tafte as well as fkill. To cach book is added an index of arms, a very copious one of names, and a general index of matters; the fecond volume has an appendix of additions and corrections, with an account of the general ftate of population in the parithes treated of in the fecond and third volumes. The public are materially indebted to Mr. Lyfons for this publication, and we take it for granted that no public libraries, and few collectors of books, will omit the opportunity of procuring it.

ART.

ART. III. Travels in Europe, Africa, and Afia, made between the Years 1770 and 1779. In four Volumes. Vol. IV. Containing Travels in the Empire of Japan, and in the Islands of Java and Ceylon, together with the Voyage Home. By Charles Peter Thunberg, M. D. Knight of the Order of Vafa, Pro•·feffor of Botany in the University of Upfal, &c. &c. 8vo. 6s. Rivingtons, 1795.

THIS volume, the original of which we announced in our Review for January laft (p. 86) comes forward now in English, and claims the attention we then promised *. The account of Japan, begun in the third volume, is here continued; and, as far as p. 117, is formed into a regular account of that country, under the heads Government, Weapons, Religion, Drink, Smoking, Festival Games, Sciences, Laws and Police, Phyficians, Agriculture, Natural History, Commerce; oddly enough arranged, but treated fatisfactorily. The authentic hiftory of this country commences with Syn Mu, 650 years B. C. fince which time it has had 119 governors under the name of Daïri, who, till the year 1142, enjoyed unlimited power, which afterwards, down to the year 1585, was divided between them and the chief commander of their armies; fince which period they have only been regarded as ecclefiaftical regents. The refpect shown to the Daïri approaches nearly to adoration. His perfon is confidered as too facred ever to be expofed to vulgar eyes, fo that he never quits the precincts of the palace where he was born, and into which none but the officers of his court dare enter. His feet are never allowed to touch the ground, and he is therefore always borne on the shoulders of his fervants. For every meal he is provided with a new set of porcelain, which is broken the moment it is removed from the table, that it may not be ufed by other perfons after him. The refidence of this emperor is at Miaco, which is likewife the feat of public inftruction. Of the temporal fovereign the title is Kubo.

The Japanese have two principal religious fects, Sinto and Budfdo. The firft of thefe is the ancient religion of the country; the other has been introduced from the continent of Afia, and has at present the greater number of adherents. Those

The three firft Volumes were Reviewed in our fecond Volume, PP. 291, 376.

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BRIT. CRIT. VOL, VI. NOV. 1795.

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who are attached to the former, in which it appears that there exifted originally fome veftiges of the Mofaic worship, believe not only in a fupreme being, but likewife in many fubordinate deities, confifting chiefly of perfonified virtues, but do not admit of a metempfychofis. Their chief concern is to poffefs a good confcience, and to be obedient to the prevailing government. They allow of no other devil but the fouls of foxes, which are regarded throughout the country as a very dangerous animal. Those belonging to the fect Budfdo look on the fouls both of men and animals as immortal, and maintain that those of vicious men will, on their death, pafs into the bodies of other animals, from which they will again be reftored to human bodies on their reformation. Among their philofophers the chief fect is that of Sjuto*, or Koofi, the morality of Confucius. They pay no adoration to the deity, believe only in rewards and punishments during this life, and place their fummum bonum in the practice of virtue and benevolence. By them fuicide is likewife confidered as a laudable and heroic action. In the account of thefe particulars this author agrees with Kæmpfer, except that he is more concife. With regard to their criminal code, it is painful to find that capital punishments are very common among the Japanese. By the legiflators of that country it is thought to be of little importance to graduate crimes, and to affign to each its due proportion of punishment. They confider only the infraction of the laws, and the danger which may arife from it to the public fafety, without attending to the modifications in the different manners in which the crime is committed. Pecuniary mulets are likewife regarded by them as the height of injuftice and corruption : they look upon this to be a mode of felling impunity to the rich, and of oppreffing thofe who ftand moft in need of the protection of the laws.

Tea, and a kind of beer made with rice (facki) form the principal beverage of the Japanese perfons of both fexes; they likewife fmoke tobacco cut as fine as an hair. They prepare themfelves food from articles of the most deleterious quality, belonging both to the animal and vegetable kingdoms. There is perhaps no country in which agriculture is fo much encouraged, or where its beneficial effects are fo vifible, as it is here fubject to no other reftrictions than that which obliges every perfon, who is unwilling to cultivate his own land, to cede it to fome other; the taxes being drawn from the produce of

*Siuto, fays Kampfer, means the way or method, Koof of Confucius.

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each portion of land. Accordingly there is no country where the hufbandman is fo anxious to procure the requifite manure. The ca tle are always confined within doors; and wherefoever horfes are accustomed to pass, old men and children are conftantly feen provided with fticks, to the top of which a large fhell (Halliotis tuberculata L.) is faftened, who collect in baskets what is intended to render their harvests more abundant. They ufe neither milk, cheese, nor butter, but are particularly fond of eggs.

With refpect to their commerce, Dr. Th. obferves that the communication between different parts of the empire is greatly facilitated by all the advantages both of nature and art. Navigable rivers, a variety of canals, and excellent roads interfect the country in all directions. No taxes, or other restraints whatever, obftruct their internal commerce, which is therefore in fo flourishing a state as to enrich the numerous towns with which the country is filled. Their foreign commerce is indeed at prefent very inconfiderable. It is generally known that Europeans are not allowed to land in Japan. For this reafon no more Tea is produced than is required for the home confumption; and the manufacture of porcelain is equally regulated by the fale it has within the country. During the most flourishing period of the commerce of the Portuguese, the profits which they derived from it, in this part of the world, were valued at fifteen millions of crowns annually. On this account they have, fince their expulfion, made feveral attempts to re-establish themselves, as have alfo the Spaniards, though without the smallest degree of fuccefs. The Japanese refolutely perfift in their determination to admit no more strangers within their ports.

Theatrical exhibitions, according to this author, have made very little progrefs in Japan.

"Plays I had an opportunity of feeing acted several times, both in Nagafaki and during my journey to the imperial court at Ofaka. The fpectators fit in houfes of different dimenfions upon benches; facing them, upon an elevated, but fmall and narrow place, stands the theatre itself, upon which feldom more than one or two actors perform at a time. Thefe are always dreffed in a very fingular manner, according as their own tafte and fancy fuggeft, infomuch that a ftranger would be apt to believe, that they exhibited themselves, not to entertain but to frighten the audience. Their geftures, as well as their drefs, are ftrangely uncouth and extravagant, and confift in artificial contortions of the body, which it must have coft them much trouble to learn and perform. In general they reprefent fome heroic exploit or love-story of their idols and heroes, which are frequently composed in verfe, and are fometimes accompanied with mufic. Á ◆urtain may, it is true, be let fall between the actors and the fpec

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