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Abacus (Gk. abaxa board).—A square or rectangular table forming the crowning member of a capital. In Grecian Doric, square without chamfer or moulding (No. 23 A). In Grecian Ionic, thinner with ovolo moulding only (No. 23 c). In the Roman Ionic and the Corinthian, the sides hollowed on plan and have their angles cut off (Nos. 23 D and 44 C). In the Romanesque period, the abacus is deeper but projects less and is moulded with rounds and hollows, or merely chamfered on the lower edge (Nos. 70 J, K, L, M, 75 B, D, 79 C, D, F, K and 112). In Gothic architecture we find that the circular or octagonal abacus is mostly favoured in England (No. 113), while the square or octagonal abacus is a French feature (No. 126).

Abutment. The solid masonry which resists the lateral pressure of an arch (Nos. 32, 52, 54, 114, 160, 184, 212 E and 215 B).

Acanthus.-A plant, whose leaves conventionally treated, form the lower portions of the Corinthian capital (Nos. 28 J, 44 A, 51 A, C, 60 and 215 C).

Acropolis (Gk. upper city). — Most ancient Greek cities were built upon hills, and the citadel on the summit of the hill was known as the Acropolis, and contained the principal temples, treasure houses, etc. (Nos. I and 15).

Acroteria (Gk. the summit or vertex, the extremity of anything).-Bases or blocks of stone resting on the vertex and lower extremities of the pediment

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and intended for the support of statuary or ornaments (No. 16 A).

Agora.-The Greek Forum, a place of open air assembly or market.

Aisle (Lat. alaa wing).—The lateral divisions which run parallel with the nave in medieval and other buildings (Nos. 48, 77, 89, 116, 164 and 212).

Ambo. A raised pulpit from which the Epistle and Gospel were read (Nos. 45, 46 B and 55).

Amphi-prostyle (Gk. both with columns before).-A Temple having a portico at both extremities (No. 17 E) (see page 52).

Ancones (Gk. elbow or hollow).A small console on each side of a door supporting an ornamental cornice (Nos. 25 D and 167 J).

a ring).—

Annulet (Lat. annulus A small flat fillet encircling a column. It is used several times repeated under the ovolo or echinus of the Capital (Nos. 23 A, 27 D and 220 A).

Doric

Anta (plural ante). Pilasters terminating the side wall of a temple, and having base and capital differing from those of adjacent columns (see Pilaster) (Nos. 17 and 28 F).

Antefixæ (Lat. ante, before, figo, I fix). - Ornamental blocks, vertically fixed at regular intervals along the lower portion of a roof, to cover the joints of the tiles (Nos. 16 D and 28 N).

Anthemion (Gk. = flower). — A term given to the honeysuckle or palmette ornament of several varieties,

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used in cornices, in the necking of Ionic capitals, and elsewhere in Greek and Roman Architecture (Nos. 25 E, 26 J and 28 A, F).

Apophyge (Gk. a flying off).—The cavetto or concave sweep at the top and bottom of the column proper, connecting it with the fillet (No. 27).

Apse (Gk. signifying an arch).The circular or multangular te mination of a church choir; the term being firstly applied to a Roman basilica. The apse is a continental feature, and contrasts with the square termination of English Gothic work (Nos. 72 D, F, 77 C, G, 96 D, 116 and 120, etc.).

Aræostyle (No. 26 v) (see page 52). Arcade. A range of arches supported on piers or columns, and attached or detached from the wall (Nos. 47, 139, 144 and 209).

Arches are of various forms, and can be best understood by referring to No. 256.

Architrave (Gk. = chief beam).The beam or lowest division of the entablature which extends from column to column (Nos. 16 A, 25 A, D and 155 E, etc.). The term is also applied to the moulded frame which bounds the sides and head of a door or window opening.

Archivolt.-The mouldings on the face of an arch resting on the impost (Nos. 66 H and 75 F).

Arris. The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surfaces.

Ashlar. - Squared stonework in regular courses, in comparison with rubble work.

Astragal (Gk. =a knuckle bone).— A small semicircular moulding, often ornamented with a bead or reel (No. 26 C, D). Torus is the name applied to large mouldings of similar section (No. 26 P, Q).

Astylar. A treatment of façade without columns (No. 153). Atlantes. Carved male figures serving as pillars, also called Telamones

(No. 21 N).

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Atrium (Nos. 42 B and 46) (see pages 103, 118).

Attic. A term generally applied to the upper storey of a building above the

main cornice; also applied to low rooms in a roof (Nos. 125 and 177 G, H).

Baldachino.-A canopy supported by columns, generally placed over an altar or tomb (Nos. 45, 49, 65).

Ball-flower. The characteristic ornament of Decorated Gothic architecture (No. III C).

Baluster.--A small pillar or column supporting a handrail (Nos. 195 H and 203) or coping, the whole being called a balustrade (No. 210 A, B).

Baptistery. A separate building to contain a font, for the baptismal rite (No. 63).

Base. The lower portion of any structure or architectural feature.

Basement. The lowest storey of a building, also applied to an underground storey.

Basilica (Gk. basileus, a king).— A term which came to be applied to a large hall for the adminstration of justice (page 89) (Nos. 36, 46 a, B and 47, etc.).

Battlement.-A parapet with a series of notches or indentations in it, from which arrows, etc., may be shot. The indentations are called embrasures and the raised portions merlons (No. III M).

Bay. The division or compartments into which the nave or roof of a building is divided (Nos. 91 and 128 A, C).

Bead. A small cylindrical moulding often carved with an ornament resembling a string of beads (see page 70) (No. 26 C, D).

Belfry. A term generally applied to the upper room in a tower in which the bells are hung (No. 98 E), and thus often to the tower itself.

Bema. A raised stage or platform reserved for the higher clergy in Early Christian Churches. Synonymous with sanctuary, it forms the germ of the transept in later architecture (No. 48 C, E).

Billet. A moulding used in Norman times; it resembles short pieces of stick cut off and arranged alternately (No. 108 C, D, G).

Boss (Fr. bosse=lump or knob).— A projecting ornament, placed at the intersection of the ribs of ceilings, whether vaulted or flat. The term is also applied to the curved termination

to the weather-mouldings of doors and windows. Bosses are often carved with great delicacy, with heads of angels or flowers and foliage (Nos. 81 A, 84, 109 D, J and 113 0, P).

Bowtell.-A Gothic circular moulding, probably derived from the word bottle (No. 112).

Bracket. A projecting ornament carrying the upper members of a cornice (see Ancones and Console). Generally formed with scrolls or volutes at the two ends (Nos. 44 D, 152 A, B and 159 B, C).

Broach-spire.-An octagonal spire rising above a tower without a parapet, and having the angles of tower covered with pyramidal forms, as in Early English works.

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Buttress (Fr. aboutir to lie out). - A mass of masonry projecting beyond the face of the wall to resist the pressure of an arch or vault. development in each century will be noted under each style (Nos. 52, 72 B, 81 A, 96 B, 114 A, 118 B).

A flying buttress is an arch resting on a detached pier some distance from a wall, the inner end resting against the church wall to take the thrust of the vaulting (see page 202) (Nos. 72 B, 81 A, 114 A and 118 B).

Byzantine architecture. The style evolved at Constantinople or Byzantium in the fifth century (page 126), and which is essentially the style of the Eastern or Greek church to the present day.

Campanile.-An Italian name for a bell tower, generally detached from the main building (Nos. 68, 86 A, 142, 145 K, 175 K and 213).

Canopy.-A covering over niches, tombs, etc. (Nos. 97, 135 A, C, L and 151 F, M, N).

Capital (Lat. caput a head).— The upper portion of a column or pilaster (Nos. 9, 12 A, C, G, 23, 44 A, 61, 70, etc.).

Caryatides (No. 28 M).-Sculptured human female figures used as columns or supports (see page 72). Traditionally taken to represent the women of Caria, who sided with the Persians against the Greeks, and were made slaves.

Caisson. A panel or coffer in a

ceiling (see Coffers) (see also Nos. 42 C, 47, 159 H, etc.).

Cavetto (Ital. cavare, to dig out). -A simple concave moulding (No. 26 E, F).

Chancel (Lat. cancellus a screen). -The portion set apart for the clergy and choir and separated by a screen from the body of the church (Nos. 96 D and 98 c).

Chapels. Places of worship, attached to churches, in honour of parti cular saints, sometimes erected separate buildings (No. 120).

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Chapter-house (Lat. capitulum) usually opened out of the cloisters on the easternmost side, as at Westminster (No. 96 D). It was the place of assembly for the abbot or prior and members of a monastery for the transaction of business. In England, it was usually polygonal on plan, with a vault resting on a central pillar. Ex. Lincoln (No. 89 E), York (No. 89 A), Westminster (No. 95 D), etc. It was sometimes oblong, as at Canterbury.

Chevet. A term applied to a circular or polygonal termination of a cathedral or church (known as the apse), when it is surrounded by chapels (No. 120 B). Such chapels sometimes open direct into the nave (No. 72 F).

Choir (see Chancel).

Choragus. A term given in Greece to those who superintended a musical entertainment, and provided a chorus at their own expense.

Cinquefoil (No. 256 T). —A perforation of five points (see Quatrefoil).

Clepsydra (Gk. to hide water).—An instrument for measuring time by the discharge of water, a water clock.

Clerestory. The upper division in the nave of a church above the triforium (Nos. 81 A and 96, 105, 106). Probably derived from the French clair = light, being obtained at this stage.

Cloisters. Covered passages of communication, surrounding a square open space called the garth, and connecting the cathedral to the chapterhouse, refectory, etc., of the monastery to which they were attached (Nos. 86 A, B, D and 87 G). They were generally placed on the south of the nave, and west of the transept, as at Westminster

(No. 96 D). The desire for sunlight and warmth probably suggested this position.

Coffers (Lacunaria).-Sunk panels formed in ceilings, vaults, or domes (Nos. 32 A, 33, 47, 49, 84 C, 165, 179 G, etc.).

Column (Lat. columna).-A vertical support, generally consisting of a base, shaft, and capital (Nos. 23, 33, 50).

Console (Nos. 28 K, L, 187 G, H) (see Bracket and Ancones).

Coping. The capping (whence the name) or covering to a wall.

Corbels (Lat. corbis a basket) are blocks of stone projecting from a wall, and supporting the beams of a roof or any weight; they are often elaborately carved and moulded (Nos. 75 B, G, J, 107, 135 J and 155 ©).

Corbel Table.-A plain piece of projecting wall supported by a range of corbels and forming a parapet, generally crowned by a coping (Nos. 70 C, 75 B and 105).

Corinthian.-The third order of Grecian architecture (No. 23 E).

Cornice (Fr. corniche).-In Greek architecture the crowning or upper portion of the entablature (Nos. 16 A and 27 A), used as the term for any crowning projection (Nos. 152, 153, 158, etc.).

Corona.-The square projection of the upper part of the cornice, having a broad vertical face generally plain, and with its soffit or under portion recessed so as to form a "drip," which (as its name implies) prevents water from running down the building (No. 27 A, B, P, Q, R).

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Cortile. The Italian name adopted in English for the internal area, courtyard, surrounded by an arcade in a palace, or other edifice (Nos. 152 E, G and 159 F).

Crocket (Fr. croca hook). — Projecting leaves or bunches of foliage used in Gothic architecture to decorate the angles of spires, canopies, etc. (No. IIIJ, K, L), as in the spires of Ratisbon (No. 132).

Cross. The symbol of Christianity, generally placed on the summits of gables and in other positions of prominence. It is often contained in a

circle, and in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries became richly floriated and of more complicated forms.

Crypts (Gk. cryptos = hidden), are vaults, either entirely or partly beneath a building. In churches they generally occur beneath the chancel (Nos. 66 A, 160 C, 172 C and 212 E). In early times they were used as places of burial.

Cupola (L. cupa = cup). — A spherical roof, rising like an inverted cup over a circular or multangular building (Nos. 32, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59. 137, 142, 160, 164, 173, 184, 212 and 213).

Cusps (Lat. cuspis=a point).—The trefoil, quatrefoil, etc., terminations of Gothic tracery (Nos. 109, 110, etc.).

Cymatium. The crowning member of a cornice, so called from its contour resembling that of wave (No. 27 Q, R). Dado. The portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice. A term also applied to the lower portions of walls when decorated separately.

Dais. A raised portion at the end of a medieval or other hall, where the master dined apart from his retainers. The term is now often applied to any raised portion of an apartment (No. IOI F). Decastyle. columns.

A portico of ten

Dentils (Lat. dentes teeth).— Tooth-like ornaments occurring originally in the Ionic and Corinthian cornices (Nos. 23 and 152 A, B).

Diaper. Any small pattern of flowers, etc., repeated continuously over the wall as in the nave of Westminster Abbey (No. 96 c).

Dipteral (Gk. = double-winged).— A temple having a double range of columns on each of its sides (No. 17 J). Distyle (see page 52).

Dog-tooth. An ornament resembling its name, specially occurring in Early English work (No. 111 A).

Dome (It. duomo = cathedral, from domus house).--The custom in Italy being to erect cupolas over churches, the word dome in English and French has passed from the building to this form of roof (see Cupola).

Doric. The simplest "order" of architecture (No. 23 A).