GREEK. the exteriors of the Temples were treated with colour, which must have aided in the general effect. The ornamental sculpture used in the tympana of the pediments, the metopes and the friezes, the sculptured caryatides and the carefully prepared cement used as a covering to stone or brick, have already been referred to in the analysis of Greek architecture (page 71). The Anthemion (No. 28 A, F), honeysuckle, was the characteristic motif of much Greek surface ornament, both on the cyma-recta mouldings and on flat spaces. KOMAN. and garlands which were hung for decoration on altars at which the beasts to which they belonged had been slain. A finely worked marble cement was largely used as a covering to walls and stone columns, and formed a ground on which paintings could be safely executed, as at Pompeii. The Acanthus scroll with continuous stem and spirals adorned with rosettes or grotesques, is specially characteristic. The arabesques which adorned the walls of the Baths of Titus influenced largely the fresco decoration of the Renaissance period. 5. REFERENCE BOOKS. Adam (R.). 'Ruins of the Palace of Diocletian at Spalatro." Folio. 1764. Cameron (C.).-" Description of the Baths of the Romans." Folio. 1772. Choisy (A.).—" L'Art de Bâtir chez les Romains." Folio. Paris, 1873. Church (A. J.).—“ Roman Life in the Days of Cicero." (Historical Novel.) 8vo. D'Amelio (P.). - “Dipinti Murali Scelte di Pompei." Folio. Naples. Dennis (G.)." The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria." 18.8. 2 vols., 8vo. Durm (J.)." Die Baukunst der Etrusker und Roemer" ("Handbuch der Architektur"). 4to. Darmstadt, 1885. Gell (Sir W.) and Gandy (J. P.). -" Pompeiana." 3 vols., 8vo. 18191832. Isabel'e (C. E.).—“ Les Édifices Circulaires." Folio. Paris, 1855. Jackson (T. G.) “Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria." 3 vols., 8vo. 1887. Lanciani (R.).—“ Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries." 8vo. Boston, 1888. Mau (A.).—“ Pompeii: Its Life and Art," translated by F. W. Kelsey. New York, 1899. Middleton (J. H.).-"The Remains of Ancient Rome." 2 vols., 8vo. 1892. Niccolini (F.)." Arte Pompeiana: Monumenti Scelti." Small folio. Naples, 1887. Niccolini (F.)." Le Case e i Monumenti di Pompeii." Several vols., large folio. Naples, 1854-189-. REFERENCE BOOKS-Continued. Piranesi (G. B. and F.).-" Opere." Forming about 30 or 40 large folio volumes, each containing a magnificent series of engravings of Buildings and Antiquities in Ancient Rome and its Environs. Circ. 1748-1791. Ponce (N.). "Description des Bains de Titus." Large folio. Paris, 1786. Tatham (C. H.).-"Etchings of Grecian and Roman Architectural Ornament." Folio. 1826. Taylor (G. L.) and Cresy (E.).-"The Architectural Antiquities of Rome, measured and delineated." 2 vols., folio. 1821-1822. Vignola (G. B. da). -- “Cinque Ordini d'Architettura." English and French translations. 4to. Various Vulliamy (H).—“ Examples of Ornamental Sculpture in Architecture." Folio. 1818. Wood (R.).—“The Ruins of Palmyra and Baalbec." 2 vols., folio. 1827. For Classic Orders, see: Chambers (Sir W.)-" The Decorative Part of Civil Architecture." Folio and 4to. Mitchell (C. F.).-" Classic Architecture." Folio. 1901. Griechen und Roemer." Folio. Berlin, 1875. Ordnungen der Normand (C).-" Parallel of the Orders of Architecture." Folio. 1829. Spiers (R. P.).—" The Orders of Architecture: Greek, Roman, and Italian." Folio. 1901. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE. "A fuller light illumined all, A breeze through all the garden swept.' -TENNYSON. 1. INFLUENCES. i. Geographical.-See under Rome. The position of Rome as the centre of a world-wide empire should be remembered. “All roads lead to Rome," and Christianity, to become universal, had to grow up at the capital, however eastern its birthplace. Ravenna, subdued by Justinian in A.D. 537, was the connecting link of the early Christian and Byzantine styles. ii. Geological. The quarry of the ruins of ancient buildings influenced the work of the period, both in construction and decorative treatment; the " opus Alexandrinum" pavement (No. 51 B) is based on the nuclei of slices of old columns, bound together by patterns, formed of fragments of ancient marbles and porphyries from the older Roman buildings. iii. Climate.-See under Roman Architecture. iv. Religion. In A.D. 313 Constantine issued his celebrated decree from Milan, according to Christianity equal rights with all other religions. Constantine professed Christianity himself in A.D. 323, which then became the religion of the empire. This step led to the practical establishment of Christianity as the State religion, and the Christians, who up to then were an unpopular dissenting sect, and had worshipped in the Catacombs, or burialplaces of the early Christians, were now able to hold their services openly and freely. The Council of Nice, A.D. 325, called by Constantine, was the first of several Councils of the Church for the settlement of disputes about heresies. A temporary reaction took place in A.D. 360-363, under Julian, known as the "Apostate." v. Social and Political.-On changing the capital of the empire from Rome to Byzantium in A.D. 324 Constantine practically reigned as an absolute monarch, the old Roman political system coming to an end. The series of emperors in the West came to an end in A.D. 476, and the empire was nominally reunited, Zeno reigning at Constantinople over the Western and Eastern Empires. Theodoric the Goth reigned in Italy A.D. 493-526, and this was a period of peace and prosperity. During his reign and longer (A.D. 493-552) Ravenna was the capital of the Gothic dynasty, and being closely connected with Byzantium her influence on Early Christian architecture is very marked. From the Roman or common speech several of the chief languages of modern Europe commenced to arise, and in consequence are called Romance languages. vi. Historical.-The early Christian period is generally taken as lasting from Constantine to Gregory the Great, or from A.D. 300 to 600. The period of the Teutonic invasions of Italy commenced about A.D. 376, and Teutonic settlements took place within the empire about this time, these movements being caused by the incursions of the Huns into Germany. The West Goths sacked Rome under Alaric in A.D. 410. The rise of a Gothic kingdom took place in Spain and Southern Gaul. The defeat of Attila, king of the Huns, at the battle of Châlons, A.D. 451, aided in consolidating Christianity in Europe. Note. One style evolves from any other so gradually that it is impossible to say exactly where the one ended and the next began. This gradual growth characterizes progress in other departments as well as Architecture. Each age feels its way towards the expression of its own ideals, modifying the art of the past to meet fresh conditions. During the reign of Gregory the Great (A.D. 590 to 603) the Latin language and Early Christian architecture, the latest phase of Roman art, ceased to exist. For the next two centuries architecture was practically at a standstill in Europe, at the end of which period the old Roman traditions were to a great extent thrown aside, and the later Romanesque architecture was gradually evolved. 2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER. Naturally little money was at the command of the early Christians; therefore, where possible, it is generally admitted that they adapted the ancient basilicas, which were ready to their hand, for their own places of worship; and in early cases where they |