a cloister. But in the existing college the quadrangle of chambers contains not only the hall and library, but is also cloistered. The site of the cloister first proposed, but never commenced, is that now occupied by the school-yard. The cloister quadrangle is arranged upon a plan unusual in colleges. It was built in two stories, having chambers on the north and east sides, and the hall on the south, the dimensions of which agree exactly with the founder's will. The upper chambers are not reached in the usual manner, by assigning one staircase to each contiguous pair; but a gallery is carried round the upper floor, exactly over the cloister of the ground floor, to give access to the doors of the chambers. At each internal angle of the quadrangle, or quadrant, as the will terms it, is a square turret containing a spiral stone stair, or vice, with a door below and above, by which the upper gallery is conveniently reached. The chamber buildings were carried round the east and north sides in one style, and probably in the founder's time; but the west side, which contains the great gateway called Lupton's Tower, was built, after a considerable pause in the works, in a totally different manner, during the provostship of [Roger] Lupton [1504-35], and probably in the reign of Henry the Eighth. The cloister-arcade and chamber-doors on the ground floor on this side appear, however, to belong to the earlier building, and to have been suddenly stopped in an unfinished state. This western side of the quadrant is wholly devoted to the provost, and contains a large dininghall, termed 'Election Hall,' with a withdrawing-room behind it, over Lupton's entrance-arch, and large bedchambers beyond, joining the hall. In the will of the founder a much smaller provost's lodging is placed in this position in two stories. The present extension is accounted for by the bountiful hospitality which, at and after the period of Henry the Eighth, was exercised by the masters of colleges in favour of the nobility and gentry. This compelled the building of chambers and reception-rooms. After the Reformation the marriage of masters of colleges created a new demand for space, and made it necessary to supply these officers with a family residence. The subsequent works carried out in this college were enumerated as follows: The lower school, or north side of the entrance quadrangle or 'school-yard,' was built before 1581 [1481?], and has the long dormitory above it. The library in the cloister quadrangle was built by Sir Christopher Wren'. The new upper school, which is the western boundary of the school-yard, was rebuilt in 1689. In 1758 an attic was raised upon the east and north sides of the cloister court, and the entire group of chambers altered so as to convert them into a row of private houses of three stories each for the fellows of the college. Lastly, the interior of the chapel, which had been refitted and 'beautified' in the Italian style in 1699, by Mr Banks, was well restored to its ancient aspect, with rich stalls and canopies, in 1850, from the designs of Mr Deason." [This is a mistake. Sir C. Wren died in 1723, and the library was not begun until 1725 (Vol. I. p. 455).] INTRODUCTION. CHAP. I. CHAP. II. OBJECT OF THE PRESENT WORK. THE MEDIEVAL HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF COL- COLLEGE CHAP. III. AUTHORITIES USED IN THE PRESENT WORK. INTRODUCTION'. CHAPTER I. OBJECT OF THE PRESENT WORK. THE MEDIEVAL CONCEPTION HE purpose which I have proposed to myself in the present work is to trace the history of the Colleges and of the University buildings of Cambridge, principally with reference to their topography and architecture, the acquirement and increase of their respective sites, the arrangements of their buildings, and the additions which they have received from time to time. This is a very different investigation from that which has usually been proposed as the leading object in the numerous histories of the Universities or their colleges which have already appeared. As the arrangement of collegiate buildings was made with reference to the collegiate system, it is as impossible to understand their architectural history without some examination of this system, as it would be to attempt the architectural history of [It appears from the notes left by Professor Willis that he originally intended to have developed this part of his Introduction into a complete historical sketch of the origin and progress of the University and Colleges of Oxford and Cambridge, with a full discussion of the special motives of the different founders. Much of this, however, was left incomplete. Since he began to write these matters have been so admirably narrated by James Bass Mullinger, M. A., in his two works: The University of Cambridge from the earliest times to the Royal Injunctions of 1535, 8vo, Cambridge, 1873; and The University of Cambridge from the Royal Injunctions of 1535 to the Accession of Charles the First, 8vo, Cambridge, 1884; that it has been decided to limit the present Introduction to what is strictly necessary for the comprehension of the following histories and essays, and to refer our readers to Mr Mullinger for all other details.] www a Benedictine or a Cistercian monastery without reference to the rules of life, for the carrying out of which the entire system of its edifices was invented. The collegiate life, like the monastic life, is a common and a regular life; and it is a most interesting investigation to trace the gradual development of the collegiate system, and the accompanying contrivance of the group of buildings which is called a College. The collegiate buildings of the Universities are very remarkable, not only for their connection with the history, the manners, and the customs, of past ages, but as serving to illustrate the various aspects of architectural taste and practice which successively prevailed through a series of six centuries. They offer, moreover, several very valuable specimens of the architecture of cach period, amongst many instances of bad taste, which has been especially evinced in attempts to alter ancient structures so as to make them resemble, as closely as possible, the fashion which happened to prevail when repairs became necessary. Few subjects, in fact, offer greater attraction to the architectural historian. To study these buildings with effect it appeared to me desirable to draw up, as concisely as the subject would permit, an Architectural History of each college and of the University Buildings, in which, in accordance with the plan which I have pursued in other cases, all matters extraneous to the buildings themselves should be kept out of sight, or alluded to as briefly as possible. [These histories will be succeeded by a series of essays, on the development of the collegiate plan, and on the different buildings, and parts of buildings, required for the daily life of the community. It seemed better to place these essays after the particular histories, rather than before them, because, until the latter have been studied, a reader would hardly be in a position to understand the generalisations which are there attempted. In the first place, however, it will be necessary to say a few words on the medieval conception of a University, on the way in which students were lodged before colleges were invented, and, lastly, to give a brief chronological sketch of the foundation of those institutions in both Universities. This part of the subject, again, must be prefaced by a brief description of the topography of the Town of Cambridge, to |