At the east end of the bridge there was a lofty arch, closed by a gate, and surmounted by a tiled coping. A broad walk ran eastward from the bridge to the "clerkes' lodgings" on the other side of the court, planted on each side with trees as far as the avenue between Friars'-gate and the chapel.

Between the bridge and Clare Hall was the Senior Fellows' garden. It was at first called the "little garden" (parvus ortus) to distinguish it from the larger garden west of the Cam; and was originally divided into two (fig. 57), one of which was called

Fig. 59.

View of the old Bridge of King's College, reduced from an engraving of a drawing by P. S. Lamborn, made about 1790.

"the inner garden" (hortus interior); and afterwards into garden and bowling-green, first mentioned in 1658 (fig. 58). In the former, overhanging the river, was a "gallery," such as we have found in the Fellows' garden at Corpus Christi College (p. 260), first built in 1468-69'. It is doubtless the building shewn next

drawing, from an engraving of which the woodcut has been reduced, is in the British Museum, King's Library, VIII. 58.]

1 [Mundum-Book 1468-69. Custus noui edificii. "Item sol' pro meremio et asseribus emptis in Nundinis Stirbrigge pro stacione super aquam iuxta paruum

the river by Hammond and Loggan. The garden was rendered private by a high wall along its south and east sides, built 1578 -79. Access to the river was provided by a water-gate, with stairs leading down to it; and stone seats, shaded by a vine stretched on a frame, are also mentioned'. A second avenue, made 1589, led from the Seniors' Garden to the south-east corner of Clare Hall, passing close by the Belfry (fig. 58).

The enclosure opposite to the bowling-green (fig. 57) may be identified with the "Juniors' Garden"," on erecting the walls of which a legacy of £50, bequeathed by Barnabas Oley, M.A., Fellow of Clare Hall, was spent in 16893. The small building on the bank of the river beyond it (fig. 57), may possibly be the swan-house, but this must be a matter of conjecture.

The ground on the west side of the river was bounded by running water on the south and west sides, as at present, and it was crossed by an avenue, raised on a causeway of considerable height, as the relics of it still remaining shew. It started from the bridge, and ran in a direction rather north of due west, until it reached the ditch along the west border, over which there was a wooden bridge with a gate, called “Field-gate." There were also watercourses on each side of the avenue, made probably by the excavation of the earth required for raising the causeway, crossed at their east end by bridges leading into the "meadow' and "grove," as Loggan styles these two spaces (fig. 58). The former, part of Butt-close, was used for the pasturage of the College horses, and was sometimes called "the geldinges close." The latter, which in the 17th century was called "Laundress Ortum Collegii xijs. vjd.” Ibid. 1478-79. "Item sol'...laboranti per .iij. dies in galeria super Aquam ix. d." Ibid. 1518-19. "Item pro conductione cimbe ad reparationem de le galery vj.d." Ibid. 1576—77. "New making the Fellowes gallery ouer the water."]

1

1 [Ibid. 1582–83. Reparaciones. "Item...in mending the groundsill of the vine and the seates of the Seniors garden." Ibid. 1594-95. Charges occur for "le waterhowse gates in horto sociorum" and "in making the stayers downe to the water-gates." See the description of this and the other gardens, History of Clare Hall, p. 118.]

[It is frequently mentioned by this name in the accounts. Ibid. 1626-27. Expens. necess. "Sol'... pro ligno sustinente vineam in horto Juniorum 01. 07. 00.”] 3 [Mundum-Book, 1688–89. Reparaciones. Term Bapt. "Solut'... pro erigendo Muro lateritio in le Chappell Yard præter 50 Libras solut' per Executorem Magistri Oley socii Aula Clarensis Legatas sociis junioribus £77. 09. 05."]

4

* [Ibid. 1583-84. "For...ditching about the geldinges close and the laundresse yard iij."]

Yard," was termed "le pond-yard" in early times, because about one-third of it was occupied by a pond, containing an island, on which there was a house in 1592; but by 1688 this had been taken down, and the ground laid out as a garden or orchard for recreation as well as use. The whole of this piece of land may be identified with the "new garden" laid out in 1450; and with the "large garden," from a charge "for cleaning the ponds in the large garden" in 1472-731. Part of it was laid out as a hopyard', and it also contained the Pigeon-house". In Loggan's time a strip along the eastern border had been formed into a separate island. The walk on the west side was called “Crouche" in 1707-8, and the walks generally are afterwards spoken of as "le crouches."

This arrangement of the grounds still existed in 1763, when we find the following description of them :

"There are several Gardens and Orchards belonging to this College; and, besides the River that runs thro' them, there are some Moats and Canals, with thick shady Groves of Elms, which render the Avenues to the College exceeding pleasant: and no Place is capable of greater Improvement, by cutting Vistas through the Grove, and laying out the Waste Ground about it into regular Walks and Canals: all which is designed to be done (when the remaining Part of the great Square is finished) according to the Plan given by the late ingenious Mr Bridg man."

We do not know what Mr Bridgman proposed to do; but in 1741 "the Ingenious Mr Essex" published a "Prospect" in which he proposed to lay out four grass-plots of equal size in the quadrangle, separated by broad gravel walks; and two similar grassplots between the new building and the river. The bridge was to be moved to its present position, and the ground beyond to be planted with trees in regular lines, round a rectangular lake or basin communicating with the Cam. A circular temple, with

1 [Ibid. 1472-73. Reparaciones. Item sol' ij. fossoribus pro mundacione Stagnorum in magno orto Collegii iiijd." Ibid. 1639-40. Expens. necess. "Pro noua sella in y Laundresse yard in vsum Seniorum, £4 · 17 · 3.”]

2 [Ibid. 1581-82. Expens. necess. Item laborantibus in digging and leveling le grownd de hopyard in the Launderes yard xxxiij*. iija.”]

3 [At the end of the Mundum-Book, 1570-71. "Charges extraordinary this yeere, viz. The Dovehouse new buylt in the Laundresyard about 50 li." It is curious that so accurate a draughtsman as Loggan should not shew its position.]

4

* [Cantabrigia Depicta, Camb. 1763. It had been agreed to consult Mr Bridgman 20 December, 1720.]

a domical roof, was to be built on a central eminence westward of the lake'. This ambitious design, which, it must be admitted, is not devoid of a certain beauty, was not accepted; but in August, 1749, a new walk was commenced along the west bank of the river, which was planted on both sides with limes in the following year, and turfed in 1751. While this work was proceeding a new walk was made along the south side of the court down to the river; and in 1753 "the upper part of the Chappell Yard," by which the portion eastward of the Gibbs building must be meant, was laid down as a lawn, though not for the first time, to judge from Loggan's print of the south side of the Chapel (fig. 15). In 1771 it was contemplated to improve the ground west of the Gibbs building, by taking down the walls along the river-side and levelling the ground, under the direction of Mr. Essex. Part of this scheme was carried out in the following year; when the garden walls were removed, the trees cut down, and the whole space laid out as a lawn3. In 1775-76 the walls along the river were lowered, and in the next year the stone gateway at the east end of the bridge was replaced by iron gates. The bridge built in 1627 remained until the beginning

1 [An engraving of this scheme was published in 1741. The original is in King's College Provost's Lodge.]

66

2 [This work, styled novum ambulacrum ex australi parte in le Chapell Yard," lasted from 28 January, 1750, to 6 March, 1753.]

3 [College Order, 26 May, 1753. "Agreed to lay out and turfe the upper part of the Chappell Yard so soon as conveniently may be." A lawn is first mentioned in 1674-75. Expens. necess. "Solut' pro vehiculo spinarum ad defendendum novas arbores et viridar' recens factum in le Chappell Yard."]

* ["Minutes of a Congregation in the late Mr Provost Sumner's hand writing," dated 15 November, 1771.]

5 [College Orders, 10 April, 14 April, 1772. The extent of the work done in 1771-72 is shewn by the cost charged Term. Bapt. 1772, which amounted to 201. 85. 9d. The garden walls were taken down in December, 1772. The ground on the north side of the Chapel was levelled at the same time.]

[Mundum-Book, 1775-76. Expens. necess. "Paid Cotton and Humfrey for work done at the river 61. 15. 6." Ibid. 1776—7. "Paid Fuller for the Iron gates at the Bridge 53. 3. 9." The appearance of the ground after these alterations is shewn in a large print by Harraden, published 12 October, 1797. There were then no water-courses N. and S. of the avenue. It had been agreed, 16 Jan. 1795, that one of these, described as "the Ditch running from the River to Clare Hall piece," should be filled up; and perhaps the pond and islands were done away with at the same time, for neither are shewn in the plan of Cambridge by Custance, dated 1797-]

of the present century. In 1807 the rebuilding of it in the same place was contemplated, but nothing was done at that time. 1815 a "Bridge Fund" was commenced; and in 1818 the state of the old bridge rendered it necessary that the work should be undertaken without delay, as the following orders shew:

27 May, 1818. "Agreed that the Bridge, being deemed by Rennie the Surveyor in such a ruinous state that in all probability it will soon fall into the River and impede the Navigation, be taken down and a new Bridge built of Stone.

Agreed that the Viceprovost Messrs Hinde and Leycester be commissioned to employ a surveyor who may point out the situation in which it will be most advisable to erect the new Bridge, give an estimate of the expence and furnish a plan or plans to be submitted to the College for selection, and that the same Gentleman do take means to ascertain the probable expence of sloping the Lawn to the River."

It was decided (26 June) to employ Mr Francis Braidwood, who offered "to build a new Stone Bridge of Fifeshire Stone for the sum of £2050." The design was to be furnished by Mr Wilkins; and the bridge was about to be begun, if not actually begun, in the old position, when at the suggestion of the Rev. Charles Simeon, M.A., Fellow, it was agreed to change the position to near the south-west corner of the site, and in connexion with this alteration, to rearrange the ground westward of the river. This will be best explained by the orders which sanctioned it:

30 September, 1818. "Agreed to the following alterations at Mr Simeons expence, viz: The placing of the Bridge on an enlarged Scale in a line with the South walk; the pulling down the wall at the end and building it up again so as to make an opening to Queens Walk and the making that part as far as the last tree to correspond in a measure with Queens walk; the making a passage through the Stable next to Mr Simeon's and a door at the end of it; the making a walk from the New Bridge along the new Plantation, transferring three or four of the trees to another site; the making a Bridge and putting up the Gates at the end of that walk; the putting up the other Gates (those which stood upon the late Bridge) on the opposite side of the Road to correspond with those Gates and to mark the unity of the property; the removing of the present walk with the two trees that are upon it and forming the remainder of the Avenue into two Mounds, taking down three trees that are near the middle of it in order to break the line into two Mounds, the five trees to go towards the expence of it; the planting of Clare Hall walk (the South side of it) with Ivy, and putting some ornamental Clumps of Trees or Shrubs to break the line.