of the eight sides of the tower has at its angle a "fynyalle," or shaft terminated by a pinnacle, finished on each of its four sides with a "ryfant gablette'," that is, as the figure shews, a small gable, the outline of which is an ogee arch. The sides of the tower are divided into two stories, each exhibiting a series of quatrefoiled openings or "quaters," so arranged that the lines between them intersect each other at a right angle. They are therefore described in the contract as "crosse-quaters;" and it will be observed that they merely pierce the panel in which they occur, and do not destroy its character as a blank panel or "orb." Each side is finished above between the pinnacles with an indented parapet, "batelmentes." The upper stage with its ogee cap was not contemplated in the first contract (C), unless it be included in the last clause, "euery other thyng belongyng to the same." The second contract (E), however, includes "badges" among the specified ornaments. These can only apply to the Tudor badges, a rose or portcullis surmounted by a crown, which occur on each division of the upper part.

The stone-work was probably completed by the end of July 1515, having been 69 years in building, but as it will be shewn in the next chapter that the glazing of the windows may be dated 1526-1531, and the stall-work 1532-1536, it is unlikely that the Chapel was used for service before those works were completed. Again, the old Chapel did not fall down until 1536-37, and Dr Caius connects that event with the completion of the new one in language which, although it cannot be interpreted literally, yet conveys the impression that the latter was not used so long as the former was in existence".

1 [Professor Willis (Arch. Nom. 1.c.) prints this word "rysant," and connects it with the French "ressant." The word as written, however, is clearly "ryfant.”]

2 [Hist. Cant. Acad. i. 69. "Post quem fenestris clausit, intercepto diuisit, pauamento marmorato magna ex parte strauit et portis clausit eius filius et rex noster Henricus fælicissimæ memoriæ octauus, vt sit ad orationes receptus, cum vetus sacellum, humile et angustum, quod paulo vltra portam minorem veteris collegii positum fuit, vt ex eius reliquiis adhuc extantibus scire licet, corruerat, nullo prorsus læso, etsi statim a vesperis eius diei casus ille fuerit." The date of the fall of the old Chapel is certainly 1536-37, from a charge in the Mundum-Book of that year for removing the materials; and the date of the completion of the Roodscreen (interceptum) cannot be later than 1536, from the connection of Anne Boleyn with it. Dr Caius is therefore inaccurate in saying that Henry the Eighth executed this and other works "in 32

VOL. I.

CHAPTER XI.

HISTORY OF KING'S COLLEGE CHAPEL, CONTINUED TO THE PRESENT TIME.

History of the Glass, Stalls, and Panelling.

[THE second agreement between the executors of King Henry the Seventh and the College expressly stipulates for the erection of stalls in the choir, and for the glazing of the windows "with such images, storis, armys, bagis, and other devises" as the said executors shall approve1.

We will first investigate the history of the latter; for it is so evident that the building was designed for the exhibition of pictures in glass on a grand scale that their history is connected with the general architectural history more closely than that of glass usually is with that of the buildings in which it occurs.

The work appears to have been put in hand as soon as the roof was completed, for we find the following memorandum of a payment of £100 to Barnard Flower, the King's glazier, on 30 November, 1515:

"This bill written the last day of November in the vij.th yere of the reign of or soverain Lord Kyng Henry the viij.th witnesseth that Mr. Thomas Larke prest surveior of the Kinges werkes in Cambridge have

order that there might be a retreat for prayer after the old Chapel had fallen down.” As however the two events probably happened in the same year, it is easy to imagine that they would afterwards be connected in the relation of cause and effect. The heading Reparationes facte circa nouum Templum occurs first in the MundumBook for 1541-42; after which year it appears together with the older heading, Custus Ecclesie, under which the cost of the service is set down; but as the accounts for 1537-38, 1538-39, 1539-40, 1540-41 are wanting, it is impossible to decide from this source the year of the completion of the building.]

1 [These directions are almost identical with those in the Will of King Henry the Seventh relating to his Chapel at Westminster: "But also that the said Chapell be desked, and the windowes of our said Chapell be glazed with stores, ymagies, armes, bagies and cognoisaunces, as is by vs redily diuised, and in picture deliuered to the Priour of sainct Bartilmews beside Smythfeld, Maistre of the workes of our said Chapell; and that the walles, doores, windows, Archies and vaults and ymages of the same our Chapell, within and without, be painted garnished and adorned with our armes, bagies, cognisaunces, and other conuenient painteng in as goodly and riche maner as suche a werk requireth, and as to a kinges werk apperteigneth."]

receaved of Mr. Robert Hacumblen provost of the Kinges Colleage there one hundreth poundes sterling to be delivered unto Barnard Flower the Kinges Glasier in way of prest towardes the glaising of the great Churche there in such forme and condition as my Lord of Winchester shal devise and comande to be doon.

In witnes whereof I the saide Mr. Thomas Larke have subscribed this bill wt. myn own hande the day and yere above writen

Summa .C. li."

The same sum was paid to him, 12 February, 1516—171. The Bishop of Winchester, Richard Fox, to whom the direction of the work was entrusted, had been secretary to Henry VII.2, and is named in his Will as one of his executors. Hence it is probable that the design for the windows had been approved by the King, and was to be carried out according to his intentions. The contract with Flower has been lost, and there is no direct documentary evidence to shew how much he had engaged to do, or what portions he had completed before his death, which apparently took place at the end of 1525, or the beginning of 1526, for we find that in the latter year two contracts (H, I), dated 30 April and 3 May respectively, were entered into with six other glaziers, who undertake between them to glaze twentytwo windows in the Chapel, of which the east window is to be one, and the west window another, "accordyngly and after suche maner as oon Barnard Flower Glasyer late deccessed by indenture stode bounde to doo;" and further to place in the windows "at their owne propre costes and charges alle the glasse that nowe is there redy wroughte for the seid wyndowes." These stipulations lead to the conclusion that Barnard Flower had finished at least four complete windows before his death.

1 [I owe these memoranda to the kindness of my friend J. T. P. Carter, Esq., formerly Fellow of King's College, who found them among the Muniments.]

2 [He was made Bishop of Exeter 1487, translated to Bath and Wells 1491—2, to Durham 1494, and to Winchester 1501. He died 1528. There is a tradition that Edward Fox (Provost 1528-1538) persuaded Henry VIII. to supply funds for glazing the windows. Harwood, Alumni Etonenses, p. 38. MSS. Cole i. 93. May there not, however, be a confusion between two men of the same names? for the contracts were drawn up in May 1526, two years before Edward Fox became Provost. If this suggestion be accepted, the windows, as well as the vault etc., were paid for by Henry VII. Another tradition defrays the cost of the windows out of a fine levied on Richard Nix, Bishop of Norwich, 1501-1536. Blomefield's Norfolk, ii. 386.]

3 [The merchant's mark in II. N. side, and the date 15017 (1517) in VI., make it probable that these are two of Flower's four windows.]

The first contract, the parties to which are, for the College, Robert Hacomblen, Provost; William Holgill, Master of the Hospital of St John by the Savoy in London; and Thomas Larke, Archdeacon of Norwich; further stipulates that the glaziers, Galyon Hoone, Richard Bownde, Thomas Reve, and James Nicholson, all resident in London, shall finish six windows. within twelve months, twelve more within four years, and, with regard to the remaining four, supply designs for them to Francis Williamson, and Symon Symondes, glaziers resident in London, like the others, who undertake, by the second of the two contracts mentioned above, to supply two windows within two years, and two others within three years, so that all the windows would have been finished by May, 1531. Of these latter windows, two are to be on one side of the Chapel, and two on the other, but nothing is said about the position of the rest, nor about the subjects of any, except in the most general terms, namely, that they are to represent "the story of the olde lawe and of the newe lawe, after the fourme, maner, goodnes, curyousytie, and clenlynes in euery poynt of the glasse wyndowes of the kynges newe Chapell at Westmynster." These windows being thus referred to as a standard, it seems probable that the selection of subjects made for them would be followed at King's; so that in our windows we may have a copy more or less close, of glass which was once famous, but has now perished so completely that its very existence would hardly be known except for this reference to it. It has been further suggested that the executors would most likely employ the same artists for both Chapels'.

There are twenty-six windows; namely, the east window, the west window, twelve on the north side, and twelve on the south side, the easternmost of which was a half-window (fig. 15), at the time of the glazing. The plan is the same in all the side

1 [See a paper on "King's College Chapel Windows," by Rev. W. J. Bolton, Arch. Journal, xii. 153, another by G. Scharf, Jun., F.S.A., ibid. xiii. 43, and “Historical and Architectural Account of King Henry the Seventh's Chapel," p. 45, in Neale's "Westminster," 2 vols. 4to. 1818. Both the glaziers in the second indenture were Dutchmen or Flemings, as will be seen from their signatures. Of those in the first Nicholson appears as doing work at Great S. Mary's in 1519 (Sandars and Venables; Historical Notes, etc., Camb. Antiq. Soc. 8vo. Publ. No. x. p. 18). He is probably identical with the "James Nycolson in Southwarke in Saint Thomas hospitale," who is found in 1536-38 printing the English Bible and other books connected with the Reformation.]