troops were removed, and when the colony began to manage native affairs without interference. They declared that no infraction of the treaty of Waitangi had taken place within that period. The request that the natives should have a separate legislative body of their own in the North Island they pronounced unreasonable and absurd, since the Maoris were represented by able chiefs in both branches of the Colonial Legislature, and there were no local native affairs that could not be dealt with by their committees. A proposition made by the Aborigines' Protection Society, that the powers of the native land courts should be transferred to an elective body of natives, was declared by the governor to be impracticable and undesirable. the AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, a dual monarchy in Central Europe. Austria and Hungary have each its own Constitution and laws, parliament, ministers, and government. They are united in person of the sovereign and in having a common army, navy, and diplomacy. Common affairs, which are limited to matters appertaining to foreign relations and war, are legislated upon by a parliamentary body called the Delegations. The Delegations consist of 60 members chosen from the Austrian Reichsrath and 60 from the Hungarian Parliament, from each upper and 40 from each lower house. They deliberate in separate halls, but if their decisions are different they meet simply to take a joint vote. ber of men serving in the army and navy was 162.423. The Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herze govina and the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar, occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary since 1878, have a total extent of 24,247 square miles, and contained in 1879 1,326,453 inhabitants. The population of the occupied provinces included 448,613 Mohammedans, 496,761 GreekOrthodox, 209,391 Roman Catholics, and 3.489 Jews. Within two years a large portion of the Mohammedan population has emigrated. The population of Austria was divided in respect to nationality, according to the language returns, as follows: German, 8,008,864; Bohemian, Moravian, and Slovak, 5,180,908; Polish, 3,238,534: Ruthenian, 2,792,677; Slovene, 1,140,504; Servian and Croatian, 563,615; Latin, 668,653; Roumanian, 190,799; Magyar, 9,887. The returns of languages spoken in Hungary show the following ethnical division: Magyar, 6,206,872; Roumanian, 2,325,838; Servian and Croatian, 2,325,747; German, 1,882,371; Bohemian, Moravian, and Slovak, 1,799,563; Ruthenian, 345,187; Wendic, 83,150; Gypsies, 79,393; Armenian, 3,523; other native tongues, 33,668; foreign tongues, 56,892; infants, 499,898. The following percentages of the population followed the various creeds in 1880: CREED. Roman Catholic The Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary is Franz Josef I, born Aug. 18, 1830, successor to his uncle, Ferdinand I, and proclaimed Emperor upon the abdication of the Jewish..... latter, Dec. 2, 1848; crowned King of Hungary after the restoration of the Hungarian Constitation, June 8, 1867. The heir-apparent is the Archduke Rudolf, born in 1858, only son of the Emperor. The Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the mperial House for the whole Empire is Count G. Kalnoky de Köröspatak, appointed Nov. 21, 1991; the Minister of War, Lieut. FieldMarshal Count By landt-Rheydt, appointed June 21, 1876; the Minister of Finance, Baron von Kallay, appointed June 4, 1882. Area and Population. The Austrian Empire an area of 240,942 square miles and a popuation of 37,883,226, as returned in the census of Dec. 31, 1880. The area of Austria proper 115,903 square miles, that of the Hungarian monarchy 125,039. The population of Austria 1830 was 22,144,244, against 20.374,974 in 1599; that of Hungary, 15,642,102, against 1599,415. In Austria there were 10.819,737 ales and 11,324,507 females; in Hungary 02810 males and 7,939,192 females. The ependent principality of Liechtenstein, in rol, has an area of 68 square miles and a plation of 9,124 souls. The official estimate the population of Austria on Dec. 31, 1884, akes the total 22,864,106, of whom 11,170,468 were males and 11,693,638 females. The num Total In 1880, 32:59 per cent. of the males and 36.08 per cent. of the females of school age and over in Austria could not read nor write; in Hungary, 44 per cent. of the men and 53.5 per cent. of the women. The number of marriages in Austria in 1883 was 176,016; of births, 882,654; of deaths, 701,199; excess of births, 181,455; the number of marriages in Hungary in 1882 was 163,839; of births, 708,011; of deaths, 571,814; excess of births over deaths, 136,157. Of the total number of births in Austria, 14.5 per cent. were illegitimate, and in Hungary, 8:3 per cent. The emigration from Austria in 1880 was 10,145; from Hungary, 11,000. The population of the largest cities in 1880 was as follows: Vienna, including suburbs, 1,103,857; Buda-Pesth, 360,551; Prague, 162,323; Trieste, 144,844; Lemberg, 109,726; Grätz, 97,791; Brunn, 82,660; Szegedin, 73,675; Cracow, 66,095. Of the total population of Austria, 2,275,117 were returned as engaged in agriculture on their own lands, 90,036 on rented land, and 3,739,421 as farm-laborers; 1,305 as mineowners and 116,565 as mining operatives; 575,811 as manufacturers and 1,541,287 as operatives; and 185,405 as merchants, with 124,668 employés. In Hungary the farm-owning agricultural class numbered 1,451,707, the tenant farmers 23,393, the laborers 1,873,768; the mining proprietors 173, employing 25,732 miners; the manufacturers 380,786, with 385,630 workers; the traders 97,300, with 79,995 assistants. Commerce and Industry.-The Austro-Hungarian customs union, which expires in 1886, includes since 1880 all the lands of the empire and the occupied provinces of Turkey, but not the cities of Trieste and Fiume, which are left free ports. The total value of merchandise imports in 1882 was 654,173,740 florins (1 florin = 45.3 cents), the total value of exports 78,189,277 florins, the former having increased from 52,100,000 and the latter from 65,470,251 florins in 1878. The total exports in 1883 were valued at 749,920,510 florins, of which 457,410,860 florins were shipped by land across the German frontier, 56,160,410 florins across the Italian, 48,757,060 across the Roumanian, 28,318,910 across the Russian, 17,229,920 across the Servian, 5,992,790 across the Swiss, 262,280 across the Turkish, and 8,440 across the Montenegrin frontiers; 97,424,420 florins by sea through Trieste, and 38,355,380 through Fiume and other ports. The values of the chief exports in 1883 were as follow: Cereals... Articles. Textiles and textile materials.. Animals and animal produce..... Fuel. Sugar.. Hardware.. Glass and crockery.... Wines and liquor. Fruits, plants, and roots. Florins. 120,778,700 111,033,700 97,038,080 70,178,950 41,776,120 23,879,940 in the above, were valued at 28,908,070 florins. The total value of manufactured products in Austria is estimated for 1880 at more than 1,000,000,000 florins. The product of mines and reducing works in Hungary is valued for 1882 at 19,918,460 florins, not including salt, of the value of 12,599,110 florins. Heavy duties were laid on petroleum for the benefit of the Galician oil-wells and the encouragement of refining. The oil-springs have not heretofore proved productive, but large refineries, using Russian crude oil, were established at Trieste, and the import of American oil rapidly declined. In the first half of 1885 more than half of the imports of petroleum came from the Caucasus. The borings at Kolomea, in Galicia, in progress for several years, finally opened up in 1885 a number of wells with an abundant flow of petroleum. Agriculture. No less than 94 per cent. of the total area of Austria-Hungary is productive. The area under cultivation in Austria is 46,108,070 acres, woods 23,280,412 acres, meadow and pasture 11,310,533 acres. The acreage and produce of the principal crops in 1883 were as follow: The valuation of landed property in 1880 77,959,020 was 7,721,349,000 florins; the value of the annual production was estimated at 1,756,442,27,978,020 430 florins. The number of horses in 1880 26,205,640 was 1,463,280, cattle 8,584,077, sheep 3,841,21,212,410 340, swine 2,721,541, goats 1,006,675. 17,609,620 The productive area in Hungary is 76,500,11,757,990 000 acres, of which 21,500,000 were cultivated, The value of the specie export of 1883 was 22,514,450 under forest, and the rest under 4,154,080 florins. grass and pasture. The agricultural returns for 1883 are as follow: Leather and leather manufactures... Wood manufactures Iron and iron manufactures... The special trade of Hungary in 1883 was divided as follows: Imports from Austria. 186,000,000 florins, in round numbers; from other countries, 64,000,000 florins; exports to Austria, 220,000,000 florins; to other countries, 135,440,000 florins. Of the imports 35 per cent. consisted of textiles, 7.69 per cent. of cattle, etc., 5.96 of iron and manufactures thereof, and the remainder of grain and rice, machinery, and leather goods. Of the exports 39.66 per cent. consisted of grain and flour, 12.67 of animals, 6.63 per cent. of wine and spirits, and 5.31 per cent. of wool and woolens. The general commerce of 1884 amounted to 484,439,887 florins of imports, and 393,694,494 florins of exports, showing a decline in the latter of nearly forty millions, chiefly in the classes of cereals, vegetables, and wine. The value of the mining products of Austria in 1882 was returned as 69,835,480 florinsthe largest product being coal and lignite, the next in value salt, and next silver, iron, and lead ores. The furnace products, not included The animal census of 1880 gives the number of horses as 1,819,508, cattle 4,597,543, sheep 9,252,123, goats 236,352. The Hungarian wheat-crop in 1885 was 17 per cent. better than the average, and with a smaller acreage the product was greater than that of 1884. Railroads. The state lines of Austria in the beginning of 1884 had a total length of 655 miles, private lines leased to the state 1,352 miles, and private lines worked by companies 5,628 miles, total 7,635 miles; state lines in Hungary 1,983 miles, private lines worked_by the state 139 miles, by companies 3,063 miles, total 5,185 miles; total receipts in 1883, 243, 366,940 florins. A short line connecting Mostar, the capital of Herzegovina, with the small port of Emetkovic, on the Dalmatian coast, was opened June 13, 1885. Mostar is to be connected with the Austrian system by a line to Serajevo as soon as a parliamentary credit is granted. 102 regiments of infantry 12 battalions fortress-artillery 2 engineer regiments.. 1 regiment of pioneers. 1 regiment of Tyrolean Jägers 82 battalions of Jägers.. 41 regiments of cavalry 13 regiments of field-artillery.. 1 railway-and telegraph regiment... Train. Staff, medical, and other establishments.. 14,021 The question of nationalization of the Great Northern Railroad was decided by the Reichsrath, in the spring, in the negative. The charter of the company was prolonged upon conditions arranged with the Government, in accordance with which the company reduced the tariffs 25 or 30 per cent., and engaged to invest 40,000,000 florins a year in extending its Gendarmeric, etc.... lines. Telegraphs.—In 1883 there were 32,684 miles of telegraph lines in Austria, with 59,732 miles of wire; number of messages 6,559,313, receipts 4,053,360 florins, expenses 3,646,400 florins. The length of the Hungarian lines in 1882 was 9,894 miles, of wire 35,456 miles; the number of messages 3,415,640; receipts 1,609,770, expenses 1,729,360 florins. In Bosnia and Herzegovina there were in 1882 1,560 miles of telegraph-line, and the number of messages was 373,352. The Post-Office.-The Austrian post-office in 1882 forwarded 312,470,050 letters and postaleards, 44,987,650 circulars, etc., 80,573,400 newspapers, and 32,077,500 packages; the Hungarian post-office, 98,188,000 letters and cards, 13,700,000 circulars, etc., and 41,310,500 packages. The post-office receipts in Austria were 19,150,650 florins, while the expenses were 15,886,360 florins; the receipts in Hungary were 7,360,080 florins, and the expenses 5,744,140 florins. Navigation. The Austro-Hungarian merchant marine in 1884 comprised 66 oceansteamers, of 67,562 tons, 68 coasting-steamers, of 10,717 tons, and 9,040 sailing-vessels, including coasters and fishing-smacks, of 243,123 tons, employing collectively 28,971 seamen. The Austrian trade with the East is carried on in the Austro-Hungarian Lloyd line of steamers, subsidized by the Imperial Government at the rate of 1,730,000 florins per annum. This company had in 1884 a fleet of 84 vessels, of 69,818 tons. The tonnage entered at Austrian ports in 1882 was 6,774,677; cleared, 6,784,896. The tonnage under the Austrian flag was 87 per cent. of the total. The Army-Military service is universal and obligatory. The annual recruit is 94,000 men. The active army and its reserve are under the direction of the common Minister of War, the Landwehr of the two monarchies under the control of Austrian and Hungarian Ministers of Defense in times of peace. The Austrian military system has, with some modification, been enforced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The period of service is three years with the colors, beginning with the twenty-first year, seven in the reserve, and two in the Landwehr. The effective in 1883 was as follows: Total standing army...................... Austrian Landwehr.. Total On the peace footing there are 18,678 officers, and in war 32,763; in peace, 52,176 horses; in war, 205,316. The Navy. The naval forces in 1884 consisted of 13 ironclads, 11 cruisers, 15 coastguards, 5 transports, 22 torpedo-boats, including 4 of the first class, and a number of school-ships, etc. The largest ironclad is the Tegethoff, with 144-inch armor, and carrying 6 27-ton guns. The cruiser Custozza has 9-inch plates and 8 22-ton guns. In course of construction is the Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf, of the Tegethoff class, with 16-inch steel plates and a speed of 16 or 17 knots; also, two torpedo cruisers of novel construction and high speed. The navy, in time of peace, has 6,890 sailors. Finances. The common expenditures of the empire are borne by Austria and Hungary in the proportion of 68.6 per cent. by the former and 31-4 per cent. by the latter. The surplus from customs is applicable to common expenditures, and the excess over these and other receipts, estimated in the budget for 1885 at 97,862,860 florins, is assessed on the two monarchies. The total budget for that year is 119,453,510 florins, of which 4,380,700 florins are assigned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 102,235,135 florins to the Ministry of War for the army, and 10,738,589 for the navy, 1,972,570 florins to the Ministry of Finance, and 126,516 florins to the Board of Control. The expenses of the administration of the occupied provinces in 1885 are estimated at 7,892,630 florins, of which 6,360,000 florins are the cost of the army of occupation. Meetings of the Emperors.-The Czar of Russia met the Emperor Franz Josef at Kremsier, in Moravia, on August 25. The conference was attended with elaborate ceremonial, military display, profuse luxury, and various pageants. Extraordinary precautions were taken to guard the life of the Czar, as on the occasion of the meeting of the three Emperors at Skiernievice, the year before. The whole route from Hullein was lined with troops, and all the stations through which the Czar passed were closed to the public. The absence of the German Emperor from the present conference was a subject of comment. Though the beginning of the conference was reported to have been formal to a marked degree, a more cordial manner was noticed after an interview between Count Kalnoky and M. de Giers. A motive for a rapprochement was surmised to exist in the critical relations between England and Russia. If the war that was with difficulty avoided a few months before should yet ensue, the localization of the conflict in Asia would lie within the objects of the league of peace. Yet, even if Germany adhered to such a policy, Austria might be tempted to seek to cripple her rival in eastern Europe, and to form new combinations that would further her plans at the cost of Russia. If Austria and Germany have agreed to exert pressure upon the Porte to maintain neutrality and keep the Dardanelles closed in the event of an Anglo-Russian war, then Russia has a motive for promising to give room to Austrian expansion in the direction of the Ægean, to cease crossing the aims of Austrian policy in the Balkans, and to abate her pretensions to be the protector of all the Slavic peoples a theory that has aggravated internal troubles as among the Ruthenians, the Czechs, and other Slav nationalities, of Austria, and even in Prussia, lately, among the Wends of Silesia, besides creating external difficulties in the path of Austrian development. Shortly before the meeting at Kremsier the Austrian and German Emperors came together, according to their annual custom, at Gastein, on August 9, amid courtly and popular festivities. Their meeting was followed by a conference at Varzin between Count Kalnoky and Prince Bismarck, who communicated with the Austrian and Russian Chancellors at their subsequent conference in Kremsier. Mr. Kelley. Mr. Keiley, whose appointment as American Minister to Italy was canceled on account of the objections of the Italian Government, was accredited as Minister to Vienna. The Austrian Government likewise intimated that it would prefer not to receive him, partly on account of his ultramontane views that were offensive to a friendly government. As this ground was not satisfactory to an influential circle in Austria, and touched upon a delicate question which all desired to leave at rest, another reason of opposite import was found in the laxity of his Catholicism that had permitted him to marry a lady of Jewish race who was not a Catholic. Secretary Bayard addressed a note to the Austrian Government, in which he commented on the unreasonableness of race or religious distinctions, and, intimating that a temporary cessation of diplomatic intercourse would be no calamity, he let the appointment stand. The European press showed no sympathy with the American view, and commended the usage among the governments of Europe of first ascertaining whether a proposed diplomatic representative is a persona grata before making the formal nomination. Tariff War with Germany. The protective poli cy of Prince Bismarck took a direction so directly antagonistic to Austrian productive interests in 1885 that severe reprisals were contemplated. His anti-Austrian policy was initiated some time before by closing Germany to Austro-Hungarian cattle, a measure that was followed by a war of railroad tariffs. In 1885 the "sound egotism" of his commercial policy carried him to the point of imposing a sur-tax of three marks per one hundred kilos on cereals, and raising the timber duties. At a conference of the Austrian and Hungarian Ministers in February, it was decided to raise the grain, flour, and malt duties to the rates contemplated in Germany, and also to increase the duties on woolen fabrics and a great number of other industrial products. By the subse quent decision of the legislature, retaliatory measures were given up for the present. The object of the tariff war inaugurated by Germany was to extort concessions from Austria for the benefit of German industry. The Hungarians desired either an abatement of the tariff on German manufactures or heavy duties on grain and cattle that would shut out the products of Roumania and other countries and render the Austrians as dependent on them for their food-supply as they were dependent on Austrian industry. Ilungarian statesmen proposed a customs union with Germany, a scheme which the German Chancellor is suspected of harboring. Since the immediate barmony of the industrial and agricultural interests of the two empires could not be expected, the plan was suggested of maintaining lesser protective rates between one another and a high common tariff against the world outside. Austria. The legislative powers in Austria, or Cisleithania, are divided between the Central Diet or Reichsrath and the 17 Provincial Diets representing the separate states composing the monarchy. The upper house of the Reichsrath is composed of 13 princes of the blood royal, 53 territorial nobles, 10 archbishops and 7 prince-bishops, and 105 life-members appointed by the Emperor. The lower house is composed of 85 deputies representing landed proprietors, 116 representing towns, 21 representing chambers of trade, and 131 representing rural communes. The deputies are elected for six years. If the house is dissolved, new elections must take place within six months. All laws relating to recruiting and military service must have the consent of the Reichsrath; all laws relating to trade and commerce, customs, banking, posts, telegraphs, and railroads require its co-operation; and estimates of revenue and expenditure, bills relating to taxation, loans, and conversion of the public debt, and the general control of the debt, must be subjected to its examination. Either house can initiate legislation. All laws must pass both houses, and receive the approval of the head of the state. The Cabinet of Ministers is composed as follows: Premier and Minister of the Interior, Count Eduard Taafe, appointed Aug. 19, 1879; Minister of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Baron S. Conrad d'Eybesfeld, appointed Feb. 17, 1880; Minister of Finance, Dr. J. Dunajewski, appointed June 26, 1880; Minister of Agriculture, Count Julius Falkenhayn, appointed Aug. 9, 1879; Minister of Commerce and National Economy, Baron F. Pino von Friedenthal, appointed Jan. 14, 1881; Minister of National Defense, Maj.-Gen. Count S. von Welsersheimb, appointed June 25, 1880; Minister of Justice, A. Prazak, appointed Jan. 14. 1881; without portfolio, F. Ziemialkowski, appointed Aug. 12, 1879. Finances.-The estimate of revenue for the year ending March 31, 1835, is 474,555,699 florins, of which 95,262,000 florins are derived from direct taxes on land, houses, industries, and incomes; 250,946,800 florins from excise and customs duties, tobacco and salt monopolies, stamps, the state lottery, and other indirect taxes; 26,005,000 florins from posts and telegraphs; 17,385,450 florins from railways; and the remainder from mines, forests, and other ordinary sources of revenue, except 16,458,681 florins of extraordinary receipts. The ordinary expenditures are estimated at 440,581,960 florins and the extraordinary expenditures at 74,337,413 florins. The ordinary expenditures include 118,044,051 florins on account of the public debt, 100,360,790 florins for the Ministry of Finance, 33,817,835 florins as the Cisleithan quota of common expenditures, 41,420,110 florins for the Ministry of Commerce, 19,806,300 for the Ministry of Justice, 16,679,250 florins for pensions and dotations, 16,097,005 florins for the Ministry of the Interior, 11,103,710 florins for the Ministry of Agriculture, 10,934,726 florins for education, 9,115,200 florins for the Ministry of National Defense, 4,650,000 florins for the Imperial Household, 4,253,870 florins for Public Worship, and smaller sums for central establishments, management of the debt, etc. The general debt of the empire amounted on July 1, 1884, to 2,683,944,438 florins of consolidated funds, 88,318,027 florins of floating liabilities, and 13,917,407 florins of capitalized annuities. The interest charge in 1884 was 115,003,860 florins, of which Austria bore all but about 30,000,000 florins. Austria owes besides a consolidated debt of 530,191,416 florins, a floating debt of 1,513,264 florins, and 142,116,953 florins of land-redemption annuities. The paper currency in forced circulation amounted to 350,951,770 florins besides. The interest on the general and special debts amounted in 1884 to about 114,670,000 florins. The Dissolution of the Reichsrath.-The Reichsrath closed the sixth and final year of its sessions in April. Count Taafe was called to office in 1879, during the crisis that followed the downfall of the German Liberal Cabinet of Prince Auersperg. With the aid of the personal interposition of the Emperor, the Czechs were induced to cease their absten tion from the Reichsrath. A compromise was effected with the Bohemian land-owners, by which the Czech representation was increased. A combination of Czechs, Poles, and German Clericals gave the ministry a majority, in which the moderate section of the German party united. The Cabinet was composed of Slavs and Germans in about equal numbers. The moral effect of the Slav success and certain changes in the electoral laws gave the Czechs a majority in the Bohemian Diet, a result that exasperated the Germans. The German Liberals left the Cabinet, and the two factions of the party joined to oppose the Government as the United Left. The Cabinet remained a coalition ministry only in name, but the Slav tendencies were restrained and moderated by the skillful management of the Prime Minister. The late Reichsrath was composed of 145 German Liberals, 54 Czechs, 57 Poles, and 57 other Slavs and German Clericals. The extravagant demands of the Poles for public works in Galicia nearly broke up the ministerial majority by driving the Clericals over to the Opposition. The ministry passed a liberal electoral law, extending the town and county franchise to all persons paying 5 florins in direct taxes, instead of 10 florins, as formerly. This was counterbalanced by a retrograde education act, lowering the standard of public education, that was passed at the instance of the German Clericals. Toward the end of its period the Reichsrath passed for the Czechs two acts that excited the jealousy and hostility of the Germans more than all others, and inflamed race passions on both sides. These measures were a compromise that failed to satisfy the desires of the Czechs, but they are sufficient to encourage their aspirations to form a separate state with its own Parliament and ministry, and to see the Emperor crowned King of Bohemia at Prague. The more important of these two acts decrees that the Czech tongue shall be, equally with German, the official language of Bohemia. The other creates a Czech University, besides the German University existing at Prague. The General Election.-The result of the elections for the new Reichsrath that were held in June gave the Taafe ministry a somewhat larger and more solid majority, but failed to secure the two thirds that the Germans feared, which would enable a revision of the Constitution to be carried through against their votes. The German Liberals lost about 20 seats. In Bohemia they lost 11. In Vienna, which they have always carried without opposition, they were defeated in four out of the nine wards, through the votes of the new electors, the five-gulden men," who returned Democrats and Anti-Semites in their stead. The Democrats are extreme Liberals who are antagonistic to the German Liberals on the question of favoring the aspirations of the Slav nationalities. The 25 National Germans returned from Bohemia and Styria, on the other hand, 66 |