Amphibious...... able to live in two elements......hence partaking of two natures. Amphitheatre... a theatre on both sides.. a sloping upward all round Ana or an signifies up, back, again, through. one who goes back (from society)..hence a hermit, a recluse. Ant or anti signifies against or opposite. Apo signifies away, from. a standing away from.. a turning from the subject.. a counteractive. ...hence departure from religion an address to the absent. Cata, cat, or cath, signifies under, down, throughout. Encomium Epidemic hollow under-ground places......hence caves for burying the dead Dia signifies through or round. something bound round ..hence a crown. En or em signifies in or on. hence panegyric, eulogy. Epi signifies upon, after. upon the people hence general, universal. Ex or ec signifies out or out of. Eclipse a leaving out.... Hypercritical.... judging over-exactly ..hence failure, interception of light. departure; 2d book of Bible Hyper signifies above, over, beyond. ..hence captious. the figure of exaggeration Para signifies side by side, near to, aside from. Parable ......... a throwing side by side.. Parallel.. ..hence a comparison, a similitude. similarity, comparison. Period.... another side by side with. Peri signifies round, about. the way round.. ..hence revolution, stated time,end. a circumlocution. Periphrasis...... a roundabout saying.. Syn, with its forms sy, syl, and sym, signifies together, with. WORD LESSONS-SUFFIXES. A SUFFIX is a syllable placed after a root-word to form a derivative. Suffixes were at one time distinct words with a separate signification. Some (as able, like, less, some) still are significant words. But most of them have lost their separate meaning, and simply modify the meaning of the words to which they are attached. age [L], act, as pass-age; state, as vassal- ac [Gr. and L.], pertaining to, as demoni-ac. age. Other forms, .musket-eer. ce, cy [L] state, as gra-ce, mer-cy. ier (F.). ..grenad-ier. or [L] ..auth-or. Other yer.. forms, ace acy. ance ancy. ency ice as popul-ace. accuracy. abund-ance. ..pli-ancy. ...abs-ence. ..pot-ency. ..serv-ice. dom [E.), power, as king-dom er [E.], little, as whisper, splint-er; to do ous [L.], full of, as danger-ous. by littles, or often, as glimm-er. ern [E.], direction, as south-ern. es [E], of, from, at, as sometim-es. Other id [L.], pertaining to, as ferv-id. ing [E.), action, as writ-ing. ion (L.), state, as religion, pens-ion, fash-ion, miss-ion, nat-ion, complex-ion. ise [L.), to make, as chast-ise. Other form,-ize, as fertil-ize. ive [L.], able to, as active. Other form,iff, one who, as plaintiff. ose Other .as erron-eous. ...ambitious. ......mor-ose. ric [E.], jurisdiction, as bishop-ric. ry [E.), place, as heron-ry; collection, as caval-ry. Other forms, ship [E], state, quality, as friend-ship; office, as steward-ship. Other form, scape, as land-scape. sm [Gr.], state, as cha-sm. Other forms,....as pleon-asm, asm.. ism, as patriot-ism; body of doctrines, as Calvin-ism. some [E], full of, as glad-some, win-some. sy [Gr.)... .....as poe-sy. ...cri-sis. ..ability. * Example.-Astonishment; root, astonish; suffix, ment, meaning state. Astonish ment the state of being astonished. ↑ Example.-Glad-, gladd-en, to make glad; glad-ness, state of being glad; glad some, full of gladness. USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. THE THERMOMETER. THE temperature of a body is usually found one hundred-and-eightieth part of the by means of an instrument called a ther-space between the freezing and the boiling mometer. [Gr. therme, heat; and metron, a points gives 1° of heat. measure.] The principle on which this useful instrument is constructed is very simple. It is this:Almost all bodies expand when heated, and contract when cooled. But those only are fit to act as measures of heat that expand and contract equally, and to a considerable amount; that is, if they expand or contract 1-100th of an inch for a certain change of heat, their dimensions shall be altered 2-100ths of an inch for double the amount, 3-100ths for triple, and so on. No known body possesses this property in perfection, but several approach very near it, as long as the heat does not greatly exceed that of boiling water. Quicksilver, or mercury, is one of these bodies, and is the one ordinarily employed in measuring degrees of heat. ल 130 Fig. 1. 30 30 10 To do this with accuracy, two fixed points, called the freezing point and the boiling point of water, are first ascertained; and the space between them is then graduated, or divided into degrees, as follows:-Having filled the bulb, a (Fig. 1), and part of the hair-like tube, b, with mercury, expel the air from b c, and close the open end, c. If the tube be then plunged in a vessel filled with melting ice, the mercury will be found to shrink until it settles at a point marked 32° on the left side of Fig. 1. This point is therefore called the freezing point. Now, place the tube in the steam of boiling water-the mercury rapidly ascends until it settles at 212. At whatever point near the sea-level this experiment is made, the result is always the same. We say, near the sealevel; for the higher the elevation, the lower the temperature at which water boils. Hence 212 is called the boiling point. Now, 212-32°=180°; and hence every In France, and other countries, the freezing point is called 0°, or zero, and the boiling point 100°, as in Fig. 2. In these countries, therefore, each hundredth part of the space between the two points is 1° of heat. The former of these modes of reckoning is called the Fahrenheit scale, from a German of that name by whom it was first adopted in manufacturing thermometers ; the latter is called the Centigrade (that is, Hundred-degree). It is easy to pass from the one to the other; for 100° C. = 180° F., or 1° C. = 11° F., and 1° F. = C. But in performing these reductions it has to be borne in mind that zero in the scale of Fahrenheit is 32° F. below the zero of the Centigrade scale, the freezing point of water. Another division, used in Germany and Russia, in which the freezing-point is 0° and the boiling-point of water 80°, is shown on the right of Fig. 1. FIG. 2. Spirit of wine (alcohol) is sometimes used instead of mercury. There is an advantage in this, when the temperature to be measured may fall to 39° below zero of Fahrenheit's thermometer, for then mercury freezes, while spirit of wine has never been known to freeze. There is an advantage in alcohol, also, when very slight changes are to be noted. All liquids are not equally expanded by the same heat; and spirit of wine is found to expand six times as much as mercury. Hence each degree as marked on a spirit thermometer is six times as long as it would be on a mercury thermometer of exactly the same size of bulb and tube. Thus, on the spirit thermometer small changes, say of quarter or half a degree, are more quickly seen. This is expressed by saying it is more sensitive. But as the spirit boils at 173°, it is useless for measur |