The following table exhibits, at one view, the population of each township, according to the census of 1810, '20, '30, and '40.

The adult male population was variously employed. In mining, 83; agriculture, 4,405; commerce, 196; manufactures and trades, 1,991; navigation of the ocean, 48; navigation of canals and rivers, 48; learned professions, 128.

The surface of this county is strongly marked by several rugged, elevated, well-defined mountain ranges ;-one called Laurel Hill, and the other Chestnut Ridge; and between these ranges are several detached ridges. The western section of the county presents an undulating sur face, in some parts rather hilly. The summits of the mountains in this county are about 2500 feet above the level of the sea, and between 900 and 1000 feet above the intervening valley. "As this county lies within the bituminous coal region, coal is abundant almost every where except near the summits of Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge, where the rocks next below the coal formation are brought to the surface by an anticlinal axis. Along the sides of these ridges, and near their bases, iron ore is abundant in many situations, and is mined for the supply of furnaces in the neighborhood."

That portion of the county west of Chestnut Ridge, is of good quality and well adapted to agricultural purposes. Many of the valleys are fertile and highly productive. Salt springs are found by boring, in the south-western part of the county, on some of which salt-works are

erected. There is also a mineral spring, eight miles east of Uniontown. Agriculture is in a flourishing state. The chief productions are cereal grains, live stock, &c. The following, carefully compiled from the census of 1840, affords the reader some idea of the real wealth of this county:

Mineral, Agricultural, Horticultural, Commercial, &c. Statistics of Fayette County, of 1840.

Furnaces, 9, produced 1,800 tons of cast iron; 3 forges, produced 703 tons of bar iron; capital, $70,000; bituminous coal raised, 1,350,610 bushels, employed 176 men; capital, $6,184; salt, 155 bushels.

Live Stock, &c.: horses, 10,132; neat cattle, 30,237; sheep, 54,007 ; swine, 30,568; value of poultry of all kinds, $12,838.

Cereal Grain, &c.: wheat, 334,297 bushels: barley, 518; oats, 560,172; rye, 27,226; buckwheat, 20,566; corn, 551,114; wool, 98,091 pounds; hops, 628; wax, 704; potatoes, 98,118 bushels; hay, 18,264 tons; sugar manufactured, 84,551 pounds; value of the products of the dairy, $65,263; of the orchard, $13,874; of home-made goods. $37,378; of gardens, $22,472. Stores of all kinds, 106'; capital, $424,060. Value of lumber produced, $1,458; value of machinery manufactured, $65,700; of hard ware and cutlery, 0 400. Falling mills, 4; woollen manufactories, 6; value of woollen goods manufactured, $173.500 ; capital, $95.840; value of hats and caps manufactured, $19,350. Tanneries, 30; tanned 6,532 sides of sole, and 5,706 sides of upper leather; capital, $31,660. Pounds of soap manufactured, 50,052; tallow candles, 23,770 pounds. Distilleries, 17, produced 129,298 gallons; brewery, 1, 10,000 gallons; value of medicinal drugs, paints, &c., $30,000; 6 glass houses; 1 glass cutting establishment, employed 151 hands, value of manufactured articles, $80,000; capital, $16,600. Value of carriages manufactured, $24,072, capital, $9,345. Flouring mills, 16, grist mills, 61, saw mills, 139, oil mills, 4. Houses built, brick, 70, wooden, 102. Total capital invested in manufactures, $369,983.

The aggregate amount of property taxable in 1845, was $4,304,034,00, whereof $3,793,136 00 was real estate.

The Monongahela river flows in a circuitous course along the western boundary of the county, separating it from Greene and Washington.The Youghioghany rising in Maryland enters this State east of Laurel Hill, and forms for some twelve or fifteen miles the boundary between Somerset and Fayette, breaking through both the great mountain ranges, and tumbling over several rocky ledges, crosses this country in a north western direction, uniting with the Monongahela in Allegheny county. Cheat river rises in Randolph county, Virginia, and passes through the south western corner of this county.

Besides these rivers there are several important creeks: Indian, George, Brown, Dunlap, Red Stone, Cook's, Big and Little Sandusky, Mount's, Jacob's, Middle and South Forks; besides several runs: Dunbar, York's, Brown's, Middle, Hall's, Oswalt's, Cook's, Gabriel's, &c.

The National turnpike from Cumberland to Wheeling, passes for a distance of thirty miles through the whole breadth of the county. It passes through Uniontown and Brownsville, affording an easy means of

transportation and travel, both eastward and westward. The improve ment making by the Monongahela Navigation company, must prove a benefit to the people of this region of country, as a means of transporting their surplus produce from the country, and merchandize into it.

Education receives considerable attention. Madison College, at Uniontown, established originally in 1808, as an Academy; but changed into a college in 1825, and incorporated as such in 1827, sustains a very fair reputation. It is efficiently conducted.

The Common School system is in general operation throughout the county. Twenty out of twenty-one districts made report in 1845, to the Superintendent of Common Schools, of 153 schools, in which 4,025 males, and 3,267 females were taught for five months. A tax of $7,883,15 was levied, and the State appropriation amounted to $3,883,15. The cost of instruction was $10,258,67.

The Methodists and Presbyterians are the prevailing religious denomination. Baptists and Episcopalians are also numerous; and some Friends, Catholics, Cumberland Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, German Reformed, &c.

UNIONTOWN, laid out by Henry Beeson, about the year 1768, is the county seat, and pleasantly situated in a healthy and fertile region of country, four miles west of Chestnut Ridge, or as it is here called, Laurel Hill. It is an incorporated borough, and contained in 1840, 1710 inhabitants. The public buildings are a court-house, with adjoining buildings for county offices, a prison, a market-house; several churches: Presbyterian, Methodist, Episcopalian, Baptist; Madison College, several steam mills, and number of mechanic's shops. The town is in a very flourishing condition.

Brownsville, laid out in 1785, is a very flourishing manufacturing town, on the Monongahela river, twelve miles north-west from Uniontown. It occupies a commanding point as a place of business, enjoy. ing the advantage both of the improved navigation of the Monongahela and National turnpike road. It contains manufactories of cotton, glass, paper, rolling mill and nail factory, an establishment for making steam engines, &c. The public buildings are a town-hall, six churches: Methodist, Reformed Methodist, Presbyterian, Catholic, Episcopal, Friends' Meeting-house, a banking house, a Masonic Lodge. Brownsville was incorporated in 1815. Population in 1840, 1362.

On the opposite side of Dunlap's creek, and connected with Brownsville by a permanent and beautiful bridge, 630 feet long, built at a cost of $50,000 in 1832, is the thriving village of Bridgeport, with a popula tion rising, at present, of 800. It is the shipping place for Brownsville.

Perryopolis, laid out at the close of the last war by Dr. Thomas Hersey, and Messrs. Shreve and Burns, is 14 miles north of Uniontown, in a fertile tract of land containing 1,650 acres, called Washington Bottom, which had been taken up by Colonel, afterwards General, Washington, in 1755, when this region was supposed to belong to Vir ginia. There is a glass factory at this place. Much of the peculiar kind of sand for the glass-works at Pittsburg, is taken from this place. Connellsville, laid out fifty years ago by Zachariah Connell, and incorporated as a borough in 1806, is on the east side of the Youghioghe

ny, 10 miles northeast from Uniontown, and is a very thriving town, containing four or five churches, a number of manufacturing establishments, several iron foundries, &c.

New Haven, laid out by Col. Isaac Meason, in 1796, is on the opposite side of the river, connected with Connellsville by a fine wooden bridge. Here is a large woollen factory, a steam mill, and paper mill. New Geneva, which derives its name from Geneva in Switzerland, the native land of Albert Gallatin, is situated on the right bank of the Monongahela, at the mouth of George's creek Many years ago, Gal. latin established extensive glass-works here. The other villages in this county are Bellevernon, Woodbridge, Haydentown, Smithfield, Monroe, Germantown, McClellandstown, New Salem, Cookstown, Merritstown, Middletown.

[NO. XXX.]

ALLEGHENY COUNTY.

66

The inhabitants who resided within those parts of Westmoreland and Washington counties, lying most convenient to the town of Pittsburg, petitioned the Legislature to erect a new county; setting forth that they had labored for a long time under many inconveniences by reason of their remoteness from the seat of jurisdiction, were relieved in the premises, and Allegheny was erected by an act passed, September 24th, 1788. The county was then bounded as follows: Beginning at the mouth of Flaherty's run, on the south side of the Ohio river; from thence by a straight line to the plantation on which Joseph Scott, Esq., now lives, on Montour's run, to include the same; from thence by a straight line to the mouth of Miller's run, on Chartier's creek; thence by a straight line to the mouth of Perry's mill run, on the east side of Monongahela river; thence up the said river, to the mouth of Becket's run; thence by a straight line to the mouth of Sewickly creek, on Youghiogheny river; thence up Turtle creek, to the main fork thereof; thence by a northerly line, until it strikes Puckety's creek; thence down said creek to the Allegheny river; thence up the Allegheny river, to the northern boundary of the State; thence along the same, to the western line of the State; thence along the same to the river Ohio; and thence up the same to the place of beginning."

In 1789, an additional part of Washington county was annexed.* The extended limits of the county were subsequently reduced by erecting several counties out of it, viz: Beaver, Butler, Mercer, Crawford, Erie, Warren, Venango, Armstrong, part of Indiana and Clarion.

Allegheny county is bounded on the north by Butler; on the east by Westmoreland; south and southwest by Washington, and northwest by Beaver. The county forms an irregular figure about 26 miles in diame

*On the 3d of March, 1792, the Governor of Pennsylvania, purchased upwards of 200,000 acres, from the United States, on Lake Erie, for $151,740 45 continental money and by an act of 3d April, 1792, this portion was declared to be part of Allegheny county.

ter, and containing an area of 754 square miles, and 482,560 acres. The popnlation in 1790, was 10,309; in 1800, 15,087; in 1810,25,317; in 1820, 34,921; in 1830, 50,552; in 1840, 81,235.

The following table exhibits at one view the population of each township, according to the census of 1810, '20, '30 and '40.

The male adult population were variously employed, viz: 607 in mining; 5,278 in agriculture; 914 in commerce; 5,927 in manufac tures; 18 in navigation of the ocean; 550 in navigation of canals, lakes and rivers; 360 in the learned professions.

The surface of the country is undulating, near the rivers and principal creeks, much broken and hilly: and many hills are precipitous, and occasionally furrowed into deep ravines and hollows. As one recedes from the river, he meets with a more level country; but a large portion of the upland is rolling but little can be called flat, except the bottom lands along some of the rivers and creeks.

This county" is situated within the great western coal basin of Pennsylvania, and it is to an inexhaustible supply of the finest bituminous coal, that Pittsburg principally owes its prosperity as a manufac