34. Distinguish between satyrs and fauns.

36. Attempts have been made to identify Damotas with one of Milton's instructors at Cambridge. The name is used by Theocritus and by Vergil.

38. What is the force of must'?

40. gadding. Exact meaning?

54. Mona, Anglesey. The shaggy top is the high interior of Anglesey, the island fastness of the Druids, once thick with woods.' -Masson.

55. Deva. The river Dee forms the old boundary between England and Wales. It was once believed that by some changes in its bed or current the river gave the inhabitants of the region through which it flowed intimations of coming good or ill.

58. Calliope. See Paradise Lost, VII, 32–38.

59. her enchanting son. Why is this adjective employed?

65. What is meant by shepherd's trade'?

70. spirit, to be scanned as one syllable.

72. Milton seems to mean that the really great man has only one human weakness - the ambition to be famous.

75. Atropos was really a Fate, not a Fury. In what other instances has Milton taken liberties with classical mythology?

77. Why should Phabus reply?

79. foil. Meaning?

85-86. These rivers are associated with pastoral poetry. Mincius is a river near Vergil's birthplace; Arethuse, a spring near Syracuse in Sicily, where Theocritus lived.

89. herald of the sea, Triton.

96. Hippotades, Æolus, son of Hippotes.

99. Panope, one of the fifty sea nymphs, daughters of Nereus. Read Spenser, Faerie Queen, IV, XI, 49.

103. Camus, a personification of Cambridge University situated on the river Cam.

106. Who was Hyacinth?

108-131. Upon the whole passage read Ruskin, Sesame and Lilies, paragraphs 20-25.

142. rathe. Meaning? Cf. rather.

143. crow-toe, the hyacinth.

149. amaranthus. The plant was the ancient emblem of immortality.

151. laureate. Meaning? Cf. poet laureate. hearse. For derivation see Murray's New English Dictionary.

160. fable of Bellerus old, place fabled to have been the haunt of Bellerus, a personage invented by Milton. The name was suggested by the Roman name of Land's End - Bellerium.

162. The coast of Spain is referred to.

176. nuptial song. See Rev. xiv. 3 and xxi. 9.

192. twitched, caught up as if in haste, having tarried too long.

How does Lycidas, as compared with L'Allegro and Il Penseroso, show in Milton an increasing seriousness?

Is the elegy an expression of personal grief or a tribute of respect? Would the poem have gained or lost, if the grief expressed had been more personal?

Discuss Dr. Johnson's charge that the poem is both artificial and insincere.

Indicate the changes of mood of the poet throughout the course of the elegy.

Show that some passages in the poem exhibit an increasing fervor of emotion.

What is the meter of Lycidas?

Read Longfellow's sonnet Milton, and illustrate its truth from this poem - particularly the lines

So in majestic cadence rise and fall

The mighty undulations of thy song.

Point out ten lines of blank verse, and describe the effect upon the poem of the occasional lack of rhyme.

What rhyme predominates through the first fourteen lines, and what is the effect of the repetition?

What is the metrical structure of ottava rima as illustrated by the last eight lines of the poem?

Note the instances where Milton has placed the adjective after the noun, or has used the order of adjective, noun, adjective. What has he gained by such an arrangement?

What do you understand by the pastoral manner as illustrated by this poem? Why is the pastoral a more artificial manner for English than for Greek poetry?

What justification is there for Milton's mingling of pagan mythology with Christian belief?

How do lines 70 ff. illustrate Milton's own spirit in entering upon the poetical career?

In what other lines does the personal element appear in the elegy?

On the Late Massacre in Piedmont. The title refers to the Vaudois persecution carried on by the Duke of Savoy in 1655. This religious butchery aroused the deepest indignation in England. As Latin secretary to the Commonwealth Milton had drafted Cromwell's protest against the atrocities which the Vaudois were enduring. This sonnet has been called 'a collect in verse.' Why?

4. When all our fathers, etc. Before the Reformation, when England was a Catholic country. The Vaudois, or Waldenses, were followers of Peter Waldo of Lyons. They had been forced to leave France, and had settled in the canton Vaud. Many believed that their religion was the primitive apostolic Christianity. Milton refers to this belief in

the next line.

12. triple tyrant, the Pope, whose tiara is surrounded by the triple

crown.

14. Babylonian woe, the doom shortly to be visited upon Babylon (Rev. xviii), Babylon being thought by Milton to symbolize the Roman Catholic Church.

Show how by the use of the long open vowels Milton illustrates in this poem the subtle effects of melody.

Show how in the first long, rolling sentence the rhymes do not interrupt the emphasis.

With what passage in Lycidas may this poem be compared as an example of Milton's moral earnestness?

On his Blindness. Milton's sight, injured by over-use during his Latin secretaryship, had begun to fail in 1651. By 1652 or 1653 the disease had progressed so far as wholly to destroy his sight. His blindness, however, inspired some of the most splendid passages in his poetry. Read the famous apostrophe to light in the beginning of the third book of Paradise Lost.

2. Ere half my days. Milton became blind at about the age of fortyfour. Possibly he was thinking here of his working years, and so did not take into account the years of his immaturity.

3. that one talent. See Matt. xxv. 14 ff.

8. fondly. Cf. Il Penseroso, 1. 6.

8. prevent, anticipate.

10. who. The omission of the antecedent is a Latinism.

12. Compare with the thought of this and the following lines Milton's Hymn on the Nativity, 11. 243-244.

What evidently was Milton's attitude toward bodily affliction?

How does the Miltonic differ from the Shakespearian sonnet as regards the arrangement of the rhymes?

Compare with line 14 the last stanza of Longfellow's A Psalm of Life. Which is the nobler expression of the thought?

Milton's work is said to be characterized by harmony rather than by melody. What do you understand by the statement? Is it wholly true? Read Winchester's Principles of Literary Criticism, p. 271. Discuss the justice of the charge that Milton is a poet of books rather than of nature.

Point out passages where the sound and the movement are especially in keeping with the thought.

Are there any traces in Milton's minor poetry of the prevalent poetical vices of his age? Is there any over-classicism? Are there any conceits? Is he ever sensual? Is he ever, like Donne, over-subtle?

With all Milton's sensitiveness to beauty, there is in his nature a trend toward asceticism. How does this appear in his poetry?

Beauty and sublimity are the dominant characteristics of Milton's poetry. In which of the poems studied is each of these characteristics most apparent? In which are they found united?

How can you account for the fact that Milton is second only to Spenser in his influence upon the lyric poets that followed him?

Why so Pale and Wan?

12. take, charm.

JOHN SUCKLING

Mr. Gosse says Suckling's lyrics owe their special charm to their gallantry and impudence, their manly ardor, and their frivolous audacity. Show how these qualities are illustrated here.

How are Suckling's poems typical of the age in which they were written?

SAMUEL BUTLER

Hudibras, the burlesque epic, was the only long poem of any considerable literary merit which the Cavaliers could offset against the Puritan

epic, Paradise Lost. The first part appeared in 1662. It was tremendously popular. Butler says of Charles II,

He never ate, nor drank, nor slept

But Hudibras still near him kept.

It is an expression of the reaction against the Puritans that characterized the Restoration period. The hero is a Puritan justice of the peace, who, with Ralph, his squire, goes forth to stop the amusements of the people. The characters and their experiences are similar to those of Cervantes's Don Quixote. The interest of the poem to modern readers is not so much in the satire as in the continuous flashes of wit. It is the wittiest poem in the language.

10. bind o'er, bind over to the sessions, as justice of the peace.

24. Montaigne, in his essays, supposes his cat thought him a fool for wasting his time in playing with her.

52. analytic. A part of logic that teaches to decline and construe reason as grammar does words.

79. Babylonish dialect, a confusion of languages. Babylon was erroneously supposed to have been named from the Tower of Babel. Gen. xi. 1-8.

See

How do these extracts show that Butler's estimate of human nature was low?

Show how they exemplify his facility in rhyming. What rhymes come as a surprise?

How do these excerpts illustrate his power in detecting odd or unexpected analogies?

What does he satirize in the different extracts?

Does satiric poetry attempt to portray characters as they really are? An illuminating article upon the nature and history of satire will be found in the Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. IX.

In what does the satire consist — irony, or parody, or caricature? Why are satires likely to become hard reading for people of an age later than that for which they were written?

Select some of the most quotable couplets.

To Althea, etc.

RICHARD LOVELACE

Lovelace was imprisoned in 1642, just before the Civil War. Althea is the fanciful name which he applies to his sweetUpon a false report of his death, she

heart, Lucy Sacheverell.

promptly married another.