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of the indefinite plural, and is originally a plural form Ark biderik asko bazuen, 'he had many motives;' in French, beaucoup de. The r in biderik is for the sake of euphony. Ez dago gloriarik jaungoikoaren aginduak gorde gabe, 'There is no glory, or there is not any glory, without the observance of God's commands.' 'Glory' in this instance does not present itself to the mind at once as a plural, because it does not admit so easily of a plural form; but if the example were, 'there is not any child without its defects,' one would think at once of a plural form.

The Suffix N.

N corresponds to our

1. Locative.

2. Genitive.

3. Relative Pronoun.

4. Conjunction' that.'

1 & 2. The origin of n is most probably the demonstrative non, with the signification of locality. Bilbaon, in Bilbao,' was originally Bilbao-non.

This locative was later extended to express the genitive, as in Latin.

8. The relative sentence was formerly added to the principal sentence by a demonstrative; so in Basque.

4. The demonstrative non is used as a conjunction (as

in English that '), but in the contracted form of n.

Max Müller, Lectures, L., p. 222, 1st ed.; A. H. Sayce, Principles,

p. 353.

N as a Locative.

N, except when it is agglutinated to the name of a place, is always added to a definite noun; e.g., echean, 'in the house'-never echen; but Madriden, Bilbaon, because names of places cannot have a definite form.

To express the same grammatical relation in the plural form, one adds n to the plural noun, and the mark of the plural k is converted into t; thus, eche+k+n becomes eche+t+n, or echeetan, 'in the houses.'

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N is never added to names of persons. (See Suffix gan.) When words do not admit of a definite form, like pronouns, numerals, &c., n is agglutinated in the shape of tan; e. g., on, 'this,' followed by n, 'in,' is not onen,.. but onetan, 'in this,' just as if on were a plural form. Hirur, three,' followed by n, makes hiruretan, and not hiruran. This apparent anomaly may proceed from the necessity of showing that it is an indefinite form; and as the indefinite form is a plural (see suffix ik), so the termination tan will have been agglutinated to this kind of words.

Nas a Genitive.

As a genitive, n is agglutinated to definite and indefinite words; seme+n makes semeren, 'of son: the is to prevent hiatus. Semea +n makes semearen, 'of the son' the here belongs to the article a, which takes up the original r when a suffix follows.

The Biscaian dialect likes hiatus, and drops very often T-semeen, semiaen, &c.

In the plural form the k is eliminated according to the rule, e.g., gizonen for gizonaen, for gizonaken, ‘of the men.' Hauk, 'these;' hauen, for hauken, 'of these.'

N as a Relative Pronoun.

The relative was originally a demonstrative word, and the sentence, erosi duen liburua, 'the book that he has bought,' was most probably in the original erosi du non liburua: du, he has,' followed by n, from non, becomes duen.

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N as the Conjunction 'that.'

The conjunction was formerly in many languages, and also in Basque, a demonstrative word, and the sentence, 'I think, that he will come,' was originally 'I think that, he will come.' The transposition of the comma explains clearly the difference.

The Suffix 1.

I corresponds to 'to'-gizon, 'man;' gizoni, 'to man;' gizona, 'the man;' gizonari, 'to the man.' In the plural the k is dropped, and gizonak-i becomes gizonai, or in the French-Basque dialects gizonei.

The Suffix z.

This suffix is rendered by 'by' or 'with;' e.g., buruz, 'by heart;' makillaz, 'with the stick.' Bete lurrez, 'full

with earth.' If the noun terminates with a consonant, as is the case with lur, it is necessary to interpolate e. With a plural noun, k is converted into t: gizonak+z becomes gizonetaz, 'by or with the men.' The Biscaian dialect alone has preserved k, and also g instead of k; the other dialects have tzaz and zaz, all corruptions of kaz.

This termination (tzaz, zaz, gaz) is employed like tan (see n), with pronouns, numerals, &c. Hek+ makes hezas, or hetzaz, 'by these.' The Souletin has the very corrupt form ees.

The Suffix DIK or TIK.

This suffix corresponds to 'from,' 'since.' Nondik zatoz? 'Where from do you come?' Hastetik kontresta egiozu. 'Resist from the beginning to him.' With plural nouns, the rule is always the same: eche+k-dik becomes echeetatik.

The Suffix KO or GO.

This suffix is employed in different ways: (1) to express comparison (see the Degrees of Comparison). (2) As corresponding to 'from' or 'of:' Burgosko, 'from Burgos;' nongo, 'from where;' lurreko,' of (the) earth, or terrestrial;' aurreko, ' of before,' i. e. preceding; aurrekoak, 'those of before' ancestors. The last examples prove that Basque, like many other languages, employ the genitive of a noun as an adjective. (3) Ko or go serves, as Spanish de, to form the future: emango dut, 'I have to give'=I shall give.

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The Suffix TZAT.

Tzat corresponds to 'for,' and is added generally to the

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noun, followed by n (genitive); e.g., gizonarentzat,' for the man;' gizonentzat, for the man.' When added to the noun in its unaltered form, the signification is somewhat different: erotzat daukat, I hold him for mad.'

The Suffix KAN or GAN.

This suffix belongs to the Biscaian dialect, and is erroneously quoted as kan or gan, because the k belongs to the noun; n alone is the suffix 'in.' It is a plural form in use for the singular and the plural.

The Suffixes GANA, GANDIK, GANAKO.

Gana, ganako, correspond to towards,' into: Jainkoagana bihotz goititzea, 'to raise one's heart unto God.' Gandik signifies 'from: norgandik zatoz? from whom do you

come?'

The Suffix GABE.

Gabe, bage, baga, bagaz, 'without,' is always added to definite nouns: ogiagabe,' without bread.'

The Suffix NO.

No, no, or iño, corresponds to 'until;' no is perhaps the conjunction non which has lost final n. The conjunction 'that' may express 'until;' e.g. 'wait that I come,' or 'wait until I come,' expresses the same idea. The only objection is the palatal pronunciation of n in ño.

The Suffix RA.

Ra is rendered by 'to, towards,' or is not rendered at all