expectations were formed of the benefits to accrue to all parts of the school system from Doctor Barnard's connection with it. But these hopes were not destined to be realized, although they were justified by the reputation and by the well-known zeal and energy of the new chancellor. Dr. Barnard's health was poor, and for considerable periods he was unable to attend to his duties. Such effort as he was able to make was put forth in discharge of his duties as agent of the normal school board. The uplifting of the common schools was the ob ject of his special labor and enthusiasm. The University saw little or nothing of him, and suffered greatly in consequence from lack of a guiding and controlling hand. Dr. Barnard's resignation, offered in June, 1860, was accepted in February of the next year. The chancellorship remained vacant for a number of years. Professor Sterling, as "dean" of the Faculty, acted meanwhile as executive officer of the University. To him the University owes a great debt for faithful and untiring services in these critical years. Doubtless the Board of Regents should have given him in name the position and the power that he held in fact. The lack of responsible headship was of great detriment to the University; its position was lowered in the opinion of both students and public. The Civil War.-Financial embarrassments, which became very serious about 1860, obliged the regents to lessen the working force of the University and reduce expenses to the lowest possible figure. An or dinance of June 11, 1860, limited the instructional force to five professors and one tutor. Salaries were reduced at the same time. In this way the University was able to tide over a period of extreme adver sity. The following were the members of the faculty as reorganized: John W. Sterling, Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Mathe- Daniel Read, Professor of Mental, Ethical, and Political Science, Ezra S. Carr, Professor of Chemistry and Natural History. David H. Tullis, Instructor in Commercial Calculations and Book- The military spirit developed by the War pervaded the University not less than the community at large. At the beginning of the year 1861, a military company was organized among the students. It was encouraged by the Faculty, who state, in their report of 1862, "Besides enabling most who have left us for the army to start as officers, it has heightened the physical vigor of all who have shared in it, and thus given aid to true mental efforts." The War of course caused a great decrease in attendance. Not only did it prevent the accession of new students, but it drew many away from the University itself. Nineteen students are reported as serving in the army in 1861, and thirty-five in 1862. All the class of 1864 were in the field, and, for the first time since 1854, no commencement exercises were held. The annual attendance was reduced to fifty or sixty. In the face of extreme discouragements and in spite of meagre compensation the little band of professors toiled bravely on, until the return of peace and a new era of prosperity infused fresh life into the University. The Female College.-During the spring term of 1863 a normal department was opened under charge of Prof. Charles H. Allen. Seventy-six ladies at once took advantage of the course. For the first time women were allowed the privileges of the University. The members of the normal school enjoyed the full course of University studies. While the department was established primarily for the training of teachers, the regents explained that the lectures in the University courses, upon chemistry, geology, botany, mechanical philosophy, and English literature, would be free to all. The Faculty in 1865 say of the normal school: "The Faculty are of the opinion that the normal department has made the University a more useful institution, during the past three years, than otherwise it would have been. It is not, however, to be disguised that, among many former students of the University, and among leading ones now in the institution, there has been a strong feeling of opposition to the department, mainly on the ground of its bringing females into the University. There has been an apprehension that the standard of culture would be lowered in consequence. No reason whatever has as yet existed for this apprehension. There has been no such mingling of classes in the higher and more recondite subjects as to render this effect possible, even if it would be the result; and, in point of fact, there has not been a period in the history of the University when some few students have carried their studies to a higher or wider range than in recent classes." The time was to come when it would be recognized that these young men must look well to their laurels in the "higher and more recondite subjects." Professor Allen resigned in January, 1865, intending to leave at the end of the school year. He remained, however, a part of the fall term. Prof. Joseph L. Pickard was his successor, serving during the winter and spring terms of 1866. Dawn of Prosperity.-The close of the War and the revival of business prosperity increased the number of students and led to plans for expanding the scope of the university work. But the prospects were not yet sufficiently bright to induce Hon. J. L. Pickard to accept the chancellorship, which was offered him in June, 1865. The office of vicechancellor was created, and held by Professor Sterling until 1866. But increased resources and a radical reorganization were necessary to enable the University to meet the requirements of the work demanded from it. From the report of the Secretary of State for 1866 it appears that the whole amount at the disposal of the regents for the year 1866-67 was about $5,646.40. Out of this were to be paid the salaries of six or seven professors, two assistants in the normal department, and incidental expenses, such as fuel, repairs, etc. And, in order to create confidence in the University and secure the needed aid from the State, a reconstruction of the Faculty, and, in fact, an entire change in the organic law were necessary. The people were now prepared to sustain a public institution for higher education, if it were made adequate to its purpose. - Summary. The history of the University thus far has been one of adversity and, at times, even of struggle for life. There has been little to recount of progress and expansion in its work. The causes of this lack of vigor and progressiveness were two-the hostility to State institutions of higher education and the dissipation of the resources of the University through the mismanagement of its finances. Yet, meagre as the origi nal endowments proved to be as compared with what was justly expected, they were sufficient to maintain the University until public sentiment was ripe in favor of State support of higher education. The foundations were then laid upon which a goodly structure could be raised. But without the nucleus of the national aid there would in Wisconsin, as in other States, be no State University. It would have been impossible in the first twenty years of Wisconsin's history to induce the people to tax themselves for the support of higher education, and probably the time would yet be distant when they would do so to build up an institution from the very corner-stone. At the time now reached, however, the old dislike toward "State" universities had largely disappeared. An institution already in existence and with at least a local reputation could command general favor and generous support. REORGANIZATION AND GROWTH. The development of Wisconsin's resources, the increase of wealth, the broadening educational interest, stimulated by the success of such State institutions of higher education as those of Michigan and Iowa, made it necessary to reorganize the University and enlarge the scope of its work, in order to adapt it to the new and larger demands. The curriculum was narrow and inflexible. The University could not be lifted out of the accustomed rut without a radical change in its spirit and methods. The traditional college course must be superseded by an organization capable of expanding in response to the requirements of the active educational thought and experience, and which would bring the University closer to the real needs and life of the people. The plan of reconstruction adopted in 1866 was sufficiently broad to embrace new elements of progress for many years. The history since this reorganization presents a marked change from the former period in the spirit and attitude of the public toward the University. Distrust and neglect are replaced by confidence and generosity. The history of the past twenty years is one of steady growth, progress, and prosperity. Endowment, Funds, and Buildings.-The act to reorganize and enlarge the University was approved April 12, 1866. Provision for its support is made by Section 13: "For the endowment and support of the University there are hereby appropriated: 1st, The income of the Univer sity Fund. 2d, The income of a fund to be derived from the sales of the two hundred and forty thousand acres of land granted by Congress to the State of Wisconsin, by virtue of an act approved July 2, 1862, entitled 'An act donating to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,' which fund shall be designated as the Agricultural College Fund. 3d, All such contributions to the endowment fund as may be derived from public or private bounty. The entire income of all said funds shall be placed at the disposal of the Board of Regents, for the support of the aforesaid colleges of arts, of letters, and of such colleges as shall be established in the University, as provided in Section 2 of this act: Provided, That all means derivable from other public or from private bounty shall be exclusively devoted to the specific objects for which they shall have been designed by the grantors." The University Fund consists of the proceeds of the grants of 1838 and 1854. The income, aside from taxes levied since 1866, is derived from interest on land certificates and on loans. At the time of the reorganization the Fund amounted to $160,230.70, and the receipts for the year ending September 30, 1867, were $11,894.20. In 1887 there were 1,710 acres of university lands unsold. The principal of the Fund, except a small cash balance in the State treasury, is productive, drawing interest mainly at seven per cent. On September 30, 1886, the amount of the productive University Fund was $190,998.35. The second item of the endowment accrues to the University by the incorporation with it of the school of agriculture and mechanics, founded on the so-called agricultural college grant of 1862. One of the most difficult questions involved in the reorganization was the proper disposi tion of this grant. Inducements were offered to secure the connection of the school of agriculture and mechanics with some private denominational school, as was done in other States. Two successive Legislatures refused to apply the fund to the establishment of an independent school. Action was postponed until near the end of the period of five years within which the school must be in existence in order to avoid a forfeiture of the grant. Fin ally it was deemed best to incorporate the school with the University, especially in view of its character as a State institution. Accordingly it was made the duty of the Board of Regents, as soon as organized, to make arrangements to secure suitable lands in |