Disorder Under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming DynastyStanford University Press, 1.02.1992 г. - 344 страници A monumental study of collective violence in the premodern world, this book analyzes all instances of rebellion and banditry recorded in 1,097 countries in China during the 277 years of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). The assembled evidence constitutes the largest annual, county-level time-series on collective violence events in any part of the world, and the 630 recorded cases are used to test the major social science theories on the origins of collective violence. Using systematic data collected from local gazetteers on natural calamities, size of harvests, famine relief, physical terrain, local construction, and troop deployment, the author advances and validates a rational-choice argument that violence increased when survival in a subsistence economy became uncertain and the likelihood of punishment was low. Analyzing the administrative effectiveness and coercive capacity of the Ming state, the author also finds evidence to support a complementary structuralist explanation for increased collective violence in times of lax rulers, state insolvency, and inadequate welfare and tax policies. After an introductory chapter, the author explicates the main theoretical and methodological issues of collective violence and sketches the empirical pattern of rebellions and banditry, differentiating them by the level of threat they posed to the regime and by the sociopolitical profile of participating groups. In the next four chapters, he relates the Ming empirical configuration to four theoretical frameworks for collective violence: rational choice,which includes the issue of motive and choice why people chose to become bandits; opportunity, in which the level of Ming collective violence is treated to variations in a regime's coercive capacity; social change, which is used to shed light on food riots, anti-tax rebellions, and conflict between employers and employees and between natives and outsiders; and class conflict, which prompts the author to assess the Marxist explanation for collective violence by investigating revolts of commoners against imperial clansmen, bondservants against masters, and tenants against landlords. The final chapter presents how the author's conclusions on why and how people became outlaws in the Ming and points the questions for future research. |
Съдържание
1 | |
Theoretical and Methodological Issues | 17 |
The Empirical Pattern | 43 |
Rational Survival Strategy | 76 |
Regime Capacity and the Opportunity to Rebel | 96 |
Social Change and Collective Violence | 133 |
Class Conflict and Collective Violence | 169 |
Conclusion | 192 |
Notes | 217 |
Bibliography | 273 |
Chinese Characters | 315 |
Други издания - Преглед на всички
Често срещани думи и фрази
administrative armed disturbances bandits Beijing Beizhili bondservant revolts Chen China Chinese Chubanshe cited in Fu class conflict collective action collective violence county gazetteers county-years Dacheng Daming huidian Daxue early Ming emperor empirical eunuch famine food riots Fu Yiling Fujian fuzhi grain groups Guangdong Hangzhou Henan Huang Huguang Huizhou Ibid imperial clansmen Jiajing Jiangnan Jiangxi juan land landlords late Ming level of collective Li Zicheng likelihood of surviving Lishi merchants military million taels Ming and Qing Ming dynasty Ming huiyao Ming Qing Mingdai Mingshi Mingshilu Nanjing Nanzhili officials outlaw peasants percent period political prefectural gazetteers princely estates qian Qing rebel rebellions and banditry regime reign relief Shaanxi Shandong shehui Shenzong Shizong social change Suzhou taels taels of silver Taizu tenants Tilly tion troops University Press uprisings urban violent events Wang Wanli Wuzong xianzhi Xie Guozhen Xizong yanjiu Zhang Zhejiang Zhongguo zhou zhouzhi