passions which one man may display, not only in different periods of his life, but in different moments of one day, can again be cited in proof that the mind is a congeries of faculties, each of which-as the brain is the acknowledged organ of the mind-must be specially located in it. Were it otherwise, and were all parts of the brain equally active in all states of mind, it would be inexplicable that very opposite feelings, for instance, those of love and hatred, can be manifested by the same person often in quick succession; each feeling, moreover, in the expression of the eyes, the face, the voice, and gestures, manifesting itself as a psychical reflex-action independently of the will. Such reflex-actions indeed are frequently condemned by the judgment, not only when their exciting causes are past, and the feelings become calm, but in the very moments when we are conscious of, and deplore, the betrayal of our emotions to others.

In further support of the principle of a plurality of faculties, I may add, that savages and men whose mental life on the whole must be considered inferior are not in all respects wanting in power. Certain passions and aptitudes may be more vigorous in them than in persons more generally gifted. And the latter, on the other hand, may possess one or more faculties in a mere rudimentary state. Men who have left their stamp on history have been wanting

in a sense for music, for poetry, arithmetic, &c., not to speak of glaring deficiencies of the moral character, of which Napoleon I. was a striking instance.

And the deficiencies in capacity or character, to which I have alluded, may, as a rule, be shown to be innate, and not the mere consequences of neglected or one-sided education. Indeed, the greatest efforts, as is well known, are generally found inadequate to elicit talents or moral qualities; whereas, on the other hand, when they are naturally strong, unfavourable circumstances are powerless to prevent their display. The heads of the two sexes, likewise, agree with the phrenological principles. Those of men generally are larger, and their brains heavier, than is the case with women;1 and there are particular differences in the forms of the heads of the two sexes which agree with the generally acknowledged differences in their natural characters. The emotional category of mental life is relatively more prominent in women. This coincides with the relatively larger development of the coronal region of their heads. But it is now the fashion to attribute the differences in the characters and capabilities of the sexes to 'man's tyranny,' and according to the views of some of the

A German physiologist, Dr. Weisbach, who has much occupied himself in studying female and male skulls, gives as the result of his investigations the cubic contents of the skulls of German women to be to that of German men as 878: 1000. (Archiv für Anthropologie,' vol. iii. p. 59, and fol.)

advocates of 'women's rights,' great changes soon will take place. It may be so, but this will not affect the conclusions drawn from historical data, and from what may now be observed.

Dreams, likewise, their very diverse and bizarre nature, yet on the whole showing agreement with our inherited dispositions, as well as with the particular incidents and experiences of our lives, find an explanation in a plurality of faculties, in the activity of some in sleep, whilst others are in a state of complete or comparative repose.

Monomania, hallucinations, and idées fixes, displaying certain faculties in a morbid state of activity, may also be cited in support of the principles of Phrenology.

From early periods of history attempts have been made to find a key to the intelligence of animals in the size and weight of their brains, in the relationship of the latter to the size of their bodies on the whole, or to the amount of their nerves in particular. All such attempts have failed in yielding satisfactory results. Neither absolutely, nor relatively to his body or nerves, has man the largest brain. Elephants, and some of the marine mammalia, have larger brains than man. Birds generally have larger brains in proportion to their bodies; apes, dolphins, and many birds have larger brains in proportion to their nerves. It is only by the study of embryology, of the growth of the

brain and the convolutions on its surface-to which special attention will be presently directed that the pre-eminence of man anatomically becomes apparent.

Beginning with the lowest vertebrates, fishes, and ascending to man, there is found to be a gradual increase in the development of the brain, in harmony with the gradual increase of mental life. The elementary parts of the brain, the continuation of the spinal cord, the trunk of the brain, and the several centro-basilar gangliform bodies-as also the brain cavities or ventricles-are very similar in all human beings, and corresponding parts are generally recognizable in the vertebrates, particularly the higher.

The elementary parts be

come gradually covered, and more and more as we approach to man, until in him they are completely covered by a new and peculiar system of cells and fibres, called the mantle of the brain (Pallium). It is this peculiar, elevated and finely arched system which is likewise called the cerebrum, and which forms five-sixths of the entire contents of the human skull. It is divided into two, generally equal, portions, called hemispheres, by an anterior and posterior median fissure; the two halves, however, are greatly connected, mainly by a large commissure, or system of transverse fibres (corpus callosum). The superficial parts of the brain are also distinguished as lobes and convolutions, of which more will presently be

said. The brains of the Catarrine apes of the Old World most nearly resemble those of man. Microcephalic idiots have fœtal brains, showing arrested development, and absence of the secondary or supplementary convolutions. In several respects they are inferior to the brains of the higher apes.

It would not be in agreement with the purpose of this essay to enter fully into the anatomy of the brain. and nervous system in general. I must confine myself to a few observations, and chiefly such as have a special bearing on the main principle of phrenology, viz. the localisation of mental faculties.

For the special consideration of the nervous system, anatomists distinguish three groups of organs; viz. the groups of the central organs (cerebro-spinal system); those of the peripheral conducting organsincluding all the accumulations of grey substance, or ganglia, therewith connected; and the group of the peripheral end-organs.

There are two kinds of nerve substance, the fibrous and the cellular; the one for the most part white, the other mostly grey. Fibres resemble the finest threads or filaments of different degrees of thickness, but all extremely minute, many requiring to be magnified 400 to 500 times to render them clearly visible. Every nerve fibre consists of at least two elements, the so-called primitive or axis cylinder, and

1 Views of the Brain, Plate I.