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International, had scarcely entered upon his new duties when a painful illness removed him from his family and friends. M. Nordlander, Director-General of Swedish Telegraphs, and who represented his country at the conferences of St. Petersburg, London, and Berlin, died on the 27th February. Early in the same month we learned the premature decease of M. de Tornos y Matamoros, for many years a senior official in the Direction-General of Spanish Posts and Telegraphs. He attended the conferences of Vienna and St. Petersburg as Spanish delegate, and represented a submarine cable company at the conference of Berlin. From among the staff of telegraph companies we have to record the death of M. Despointes, electrician to the Submarine Telegraph Company, and of M. Bourdeaux, for long the engineer-in-chief to the same company. Among electricians known to our readers we have to notice the much regretted death of M. Napoli, to whom is due so many improvements in the application of electricity to railways, and we have also to record the death of M. Halske, partner in the firm of Siemens and Halske,

[FEBRUARY 6, 1891.

bination consists of a parallel flow compound steam turbine, revolving at an extremely high rate of speed, and coupled directly to a dynamo of special construction; the speed was so high that special bearings and means of lubrication had to be employed in order to obtain a satisfactory result.

Fig. 1 represents a 35-unit steam turbine dynamo, whose speed is 4,500 revolutions per minute, which is intermediate between that of the ordinary dynamo and the turboelectric generator, it will be seen that the automatic lubrication is replaced by ordinary lubricators of large size, and that the dynamo is of ordinary construction, with a Gramme-wound armature; the speed is sufficient to enable the dynamo to develop an unusually large output for its size, &c. The whole plant is extremely light and compact.

Fig. 2 shows a 75-unit steam turbine alternator; the speed is 5,000 revolutions per minute, and generates an alternating current of 83.3 periods per second. Four turbo alternators of 75 units each have been generatirg

THE intensity of telephonic effects depends chiefly upon the thickness of the diaphragm, its diameter, the intensity of the magnetic field, the form of this field and the induction coils.

The influence of the thickness of the diaphragm has already been investigated (vide Comptes Rendus, April 5th and 8th, 1889), and it has been shown that for every telephone of a given magnetic field there is a certain thickness of diaphragm which gives a maximum intensity.

Having determined that thickness of diaphragm which corresponds to the maximum effect, it is possible to vary its diameter, and to discover what size of diameter gives also the best intensity. This result comes from two causes :

1. The magnetic field of the core only produces a sensible effect within a limited region of the diaphragm. Hence, by increasing the diameter, the inert part of the diaphragm is also increased in area and not the sensitive part.

2. By increasing the diameter, its flexibility is without doubt also increased, and this favours vibration; but, on the other hand, the mass of the diaphragm is also increased, and accordingly there is more difficulty in the way of producing these vibrations for the necessarily limited variations in the magnetic field.

From these considerations it may be deduced, and confirmed also by experiments, that the diameter which produces the best effect ought to vary in magnitude with the intensity of the magnetic field.

Thus it is explained how some telephones with diaphragms of large dimensions, and with magnetic fields relatively intense like the instrument of Gower, Pollard, &c., do not produce greater effects than those instruments which have a weak magnetic field, but smaller diaphragms, such as the telephones of d'Arsonval, Ader, Aubry, &c.

It is hence necessary, if it is desired to obtain with a telephone the maximum effects, to combine suitably the proper thickness with the proper size of diaphragm, according to the intensity of the magnetic field which is at disposal.

The influence of the intensity of the magnetic field is far from being as great as one might be led to believe at first sight.

Very varied experiments have been made on this subject in magnetising the cores of soft iron of the induction coils by means of an electro-magnet, instead of fixing them, as is commonly done, at the poles of a magnet. It is thus easy to produce magnetic fields of very different intensities by causing the current which excites the electro-magnet to vary in intensity. By working in this way it is easy to arrive at a certain limit at which the effect of the telephone does not vary sensibly, this limit being reached when the mass of the iron becomes rapidly incapable, as it were, of absorbing all the lines of force of the field, and more and more of these lines traverse the diaphragm.

This can be tested by scattering some fine iron filings upon the diaphragm, and observing that an increasing portion of the field becomes useless in the production of telephonic effects.

It is necessary, further, to observe that these effects are due to the deformations of the lines of force of the field; that these resist the deformation due to the energy of the waves arising from the voice, according as the magnetic field is more intense, and that this energy is necessarily limited. These remarks apply equally well to the telephone receiver.

The above considerations help to explain the want of success of experiments made with a view to increasing the intensity of the effects of a telephone by increasing the energy of its magnetic field, and why it has been decided in practice only to use apparatus of small dimensions of which the magnets are relatively weak, and which are more manageable. The influence of the form of the field and of the induction coils has been very much studied. It may almost be said that all the possible forms have been tried. But it is evident that theoretically the form in which the lines of force are perpendicular to the direction of the wire in the coils is the best, other things being equal. This is the form which Mons. d'Arsonval uses in his telephone, and my own experiments upon this subject have confirmed his conclusions.

189

Moreover, the variations in the form of the field are able to be facilitated by the mobility of the field, and this can be increased up to a certain point by the mobility of the magnet and of the cores of the coils. This was demonstrated quite recently by Mons. Aubry by fixing a magnet to a vibrating plate; but there is in this case also a limit which it is not possible to exceed, and which can be determined by experi

ment.

In summing up the foregoing facts, it seems that the following conditions are those by means of which it is possible to obtain the best results from a telephone, namely:1. The mobility of the lines of force of the field should be favoured.

2. The lines of force should be cut by the greatest possible turns of wire of the coils, and perpendicularly to their direction.

3. The thickness of the diaphragm should be diminished until it is just sufficient to absorb the greatest number of lines of force existing in its vicinity.

4. The ratio of that part of the diaphragm which comes under the influenee of induction to the whole of the diaphragm should be increased.

ELECTRIC LIGHTING IN CALAIS.

THE Northern Railway Company of France has recently established an electric lighting installation on a somewhat extensive scale at its stations in Calais. These are three in number-one in the town itself, called the Calais-Central; another on the pier for steamer traffic, called the CalaisMaritime, and a third called the Calais-Triage, where carriages are sorted and trains made up. The distances of the two last-mentioned stations from that of Calais-Central are respectively about 3 kilometres.

The work at these three stations required very different conditions of lighting; the passenger traffic at Calais-Central necessitated illumination up to midnight; at Calais-Maritime the service is irregular, depending upon the arrival and departure of the steamboats; while at Calais-Triage the greater portion of the work is carried on during the night. It was therefore determined to construct a central generating station at Calais-Central, making the other two receiving stations.

At the central station there are two engines, each of from 150 to 180 H.P. They were built at the works of Messrs. Chaligny and Company. There are four dynamos, each of 27 ampères, at 1,000 volts; two of these are employed on the Calais-Maritime circuit, one on the Calais-Triage, and one is retained as a spare machine. For its own local work Calais-Central employs four low tension machines, each of 200 ampères and 70 volts.

The lines connecting the stations are bare overhead wires of 38 square mm. in section. Some small portions are, however, carried underground, and here the wires are insulated with three coverings of India-rubber. The dynamos at the central station are of the horizontal Gramme pattern, and the machines at Calais-Maritime and Calais-Triage are of much the same type.

The lighting consists of:

At Calais-Central:

16 arcs of 6 ampères;

COMMUNICATIONS FROM AUSTRIA

HUNGARY.

[FROM A CORRESPONDENT.]

ON January 26th there was held in the offices of the AngloAustrian Bank the constituent general meeting of the General Austrian Electrical Company. After being constituted, the general meeting agreed to take over the central station already erected in Vienna by the firm of Siemens and Halske, for electric lighting and the distribution of power, with its real property in the inner city (6, New Badgasse and Blutgasse), together with all buildings and machinery, the entire net of cables, and the concessions acquired. As a managing board, there were elected for the first term of three years, among others, Prof. Leopold, Chevalier von Hauffe (President of the Austrian Association of Engineers and Architects); Arnold von Siemens (of the firm of Siemens and Halske, in Vienna); Dr. Joseph Rosenthal (engineer of the firm Siemens and Halske); and H. Schwieger (solicitor to the firm Siemens and Halske, in Berlin and Vienna). In the session of the board which followed after the general constituent meeting, Prof. von Hauffe was chosen as president.

Four electric companies are therefore about to enter into competition in Vienna, i.e., the Vienna Electrical Company, the International Electrical Company, the Austrian General Electrical Company, just founded, and the International Compressed Air and Electric Company, which is to work on the "Popp" system, and which has just obtained a concession in Vienna.

The last-mentioned company will probably not be able to begin its activity very early, and the definite grant of the concession voted by the Municipal Council has encountered a delay. In the session of the council on January 23rd, the conditions for the supply of compressed air and electric current from the proposed "Popp" central station were discussed, and objection was taken to section 2. According to this paragraph, the company is to possess the exclusive right of the installation of the electrical leads and compressed air pipes, whilst in all the three electrical works already existing in Vienna the consumers are at liberty to have their leads and internal arrangements installed by any maker, which does in fact take place. It was therefore proposed in like manner to refuse this exclusive right to the Popp Company, and the proposal was energetically supported by several members. Herr Kareis is not in favour of granting to the company the exclusive right of fitting up motors. Still the company had the most experience, and could therefore supply compressed air motors most advantageously. In this manner the cheaper consumption of air might make the dearer apparatus of the company more remunerative than motors obtained elsewhere. The company would have a certain responsibility if it could penetrate into the interior of houses. Dr. Richter moved that section 2 should be sent back for more definite expression. This motion was approved of, and the entire affair was postponed sine die.

THE PHOTOGRAPHERS' ELECTRIC LAMP.

AMATEURS of photography, writes a correspondent in La Nature, are aware of the importance attached to the lighting of their laboratory during the development of the plates. The little red glass lantern lighted by a petroleum lamp often leaves much to be desired, the lamp may smoke or burn low, and if this happens at the moment when a plate is immersed in the developing bath it causes great inconvenience. M. Radiguet, the well-known electrical instrument maker, has invented a very ingenious little apparatus, consisting of a little incandescence electric lamp, burning under a red glass, which furnishes the photographer with the light required for his operations. The accompanying figure shows its construction. The apparatus consists of a globe containing three bichromate elements, connected in tension; they supply an incandescence lamp of five volts. The three elements are shown empty in our engraving, by the side of the complete apparatus; they can be easily cleaned and filled with liquid. The zincs

[FEBRUARY 6, 1891.

employed for the battery are mounted in such a manner that it is very easy to change them when they are used up. A central support enables them to be quickly submerged in the liquid, in order to make the battery work, and to be drawn out when the operation is concluded.

The reflector, containing the electric lamp, can be moved round the apparatus; moreover, it turns on an axle which enables it to be directed downwards, and thus to light up the developing vessel. For the purpose of photographic operations, the reflector is supplied with a movable red lantern-a lantern of any other colour may be substituted for this, or it may be suppressed altogether when the lamp is to be used for ordinary lighting.

To use the apparatus, we have merely to lower the metal triangle placed on the upper part of it, the zincs are then submerged in the liquid, and the light is produced instantaneously; by raising it again the lamp is immediately extinguished. The intensity of the light is regulated by lowering this triangle gradually; it is better not to bring the incandescence to too great a height, as the filament might break; this precaution is especially necessary when the liquid is new. The photographer's lantern may be employed for other purposes than the one we haye indicated. In order to light the lamp without the battery the apparatus is provided with a double terminal for the conveyance of the current. M. Radiguet has designated his apparatus by the name of electro-photophore-it is very ingenious and wellplanned.

ELECTRIC LIGHTING IN THE CITY. AFTER experiments extending over some 12 or 13 years, arrangements have at length been concluded for the public lighting of the City of London by electricity; and on Tuesday the great work of installation was formally commenced.

The ceremony consisted in starting the underground works, by constructing the principal junction box to be used for connecting the mains of the two contractors, the object being to make the two systems inter-dependent, so that in the event of a serious accident occurring at either of the generating stations, current will be obtainable from the other stations. This junction box is situated at Walbrook, close to the Mansion House, and the Lord Mayor accepted the task of placing the first stone of the box in position. To mark the occasion a numerous company assembled, among those present besides the Lord Mayor, being Mr. Sheriff Farmer, Mr. Sheriff Harris, the Duke of Marlborough, Lord Thurlow, Mr. Deputy Frank Green (chairman of the Commissioners of Sewers), Mr. Preece, and Colonel Martindale. At the inaugural ceremony and at a luncheon

FEBRUARY 6, 1891.]

which followed at the Cannon Street Hotel, statements were made explanatory of the work. In laying the stone the Lord Mayor expressed a hope that with the electric light fogs would be prevented, and Mr. Deputy Green claimed that London would soon become the best lighted city in Europe. In responding to the toast of the Commissioners of Sewers, at the Hotel, Mr. Deputy FRANK GREEN said that it was some years since they had made experiments of lighting the streets by electricity, and although not successful, they had cost about £8,000. He concluded by saying that the Commissioners would render every assistance to the contractors in carrying out the work.

The DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH proposed success to the electric lighting of London.

Mr. PREECE said that every means had been taken to place the electric lighting of the City on the greatest lines of security, so that such accidents as had happened in New York would be impossible. It was possible now to manufacture electricity as cheaply as gas, but it could not be distributed as cheaply as gas. If the contracts were carried out as he thought they would be, London would become the best ighted city in the world.

During the day the Lord Mayor and the Chairman of the Commissioners of Sewers were each presented with samples of the cables to be employed, mounted in silver, as inkstands.

We have stated in previous issues that the negociations Iwith the Commissioners of Sewers have resulted in the division of the City into three sections-an Eastern, comrising the whole of the City east of the Mansion House; a Central Division, from the Mansion House to St. Paul's Cathedral; and a Western Division, which takes in the other part of the City west of the Mansion House up to Temple Bar. For the carrying out of the work, contracts have been concluded by the Commissioners of Sewers with the Brush Electrical Engineering Company, Limited, for the central and western divisions, and with the Laing, Wharton and Down Construction Syndicate, Limited, for the eastern division. These contracts provide for the electric lighting of the whole of the streets of the City, partly by arc lamps and partly by incandescent lamps. Provisional orders have already been confirmed by Parliament for the supply of electricity to private consumers in the central and eastern divisions, and similar power is being sought for the western division. Altogether there are to be in the streets 400 arc lamps, of 2,000 nominal candle-power, and 1,000 incandescent lamps of varying candle-power. Every street, lane, court, and alley is to be lighted; and the companies will have what is practically a monopoly of private supply. The cost for lighting the streets is expected not much to exceed £20,000 per annum, and for this it is hoped there will be twenty times the illuminating power now obtained from gas. The Brush generating station is on the south side of the river, and the mains will cross to the City over Southwark and Blackfriars Bridges; while the generating station for the eastern division (Laing, Wharton, & Down Construction Syndicate) will be on the banks of the river between the Custom House and the Tower.

NEW PATENTS-1891.

912. "Improvements in automatic electric locking gear for controlling signals on railways." D. RICHARDS. Dated January 19th. 941. "Improvements in magnetic compasses." A. BLOCH. Dated January 19th.

980. Improved electric signals for railways." W. WALKER, M. WALKER, J. SANSOM and A. COLE. Dated January 20th.

984. "Improvements in telegraphic transmitting apparatus." R. THEILER and G. K. B. ELPHINSTONE. Dated January 20th. 991.

"An improved electric percussive rock drill." A. T. SNELL. Dated January 20th.

1,007. Apparatus for separating ores and metals by the aid of electricity." E. FERRARIS. Dated January 20th. (Complete.)

66

1,046. Apparatus for prepaid telephonic messages." R. H. GOULD and T. GOTTSCHALK. Dated January 20.

191

1,202. "Improvements in electric clocks." M. DEVRIES. Dated January 22nd.

"

1,251. Improvements in electrical switches." E. ATKINS and W. ATKINS. Dated January 23rd.

1,279. Improvements in and relating to electric signals for railways." E. C. WILEY, J. A. DICKEY and N. B. AINESWORTH. Dated January 23rd. (Complete.)

1,318. Improved means or arrangements for electric distribution." A. W. ĈUTLER. Dated January 24th.

1,329. "An improved electrical heating and cooking apparatus." W. H. MUNNS. (Communicated by C.. Talmage, United States.) Dated January 24th.

1,332. "An improved insulator for electric wires." W. H. MUNNS. (Communicated by F. Miro, West Indies.) Dated January 24th. 1339. Improvements in alternating current electric clocks." E. DE PASS. (Communicated by H. C. Spohr, Germany.) Dated January 24th.

Improvements in or relating to electrical fire signals." A. J. BOULT. (Communicated by C. Dixon and - Fouler, France.) Dated January 24th.

ABSTRACTS

OF PUBLISHED SPECIFICATIONS, 1890.

6,492. "Improvements in electric railways." (Under Interna tional Convention.) M. W. DEWEY. Dated November 2nd. 8d. Relates to electric railways wherein the motors are connected to a line working conductor arranged along the path of the vehicle in series or derived circuit. 20 claims.

66

6,568. Improvements in and relating to electrical measuring instruments." H. H. LAKE. (Communicated from abroad by M. M. Garver, of America.) Dated April 29th. 8d. Consists more particularly, first in means of preventing a greater radiation of heat from or to one branch of a divided conductor than from or to the other branch, and thus obviating differences in resistance in said branches due to the heating of the material composing them, and second, in means for adjusting the scale so as to cause a percentage variation in the relative lengths of the scale divisions. 2 claims.

6,569. "Improvements in electrical measuring instruments.” H. H. LAKE. (Communicated from abroad by E. Weston, of America.) Dated April 29th. 8d. Embodies broadly a coil of wire pivoted in the field of a magnet, and carrying an index needle which moves over a suitable scale. The coil assumes an angular position depending upon the difference in potential of the current at the binding posts of the instrument and the deflection of the needle over the suitably marked scale indicates said difference in volts. The principal novel features embodied are the use of oppositely acting springs in combination with the rotating coil, the construction of said springs of non-iuductive or non-magnetic material, the devices for tightening or loosening said springs, the guard to prevent catching of the inner turns of said springs over the outer abutments, the arrangement of the scale plate and its support on the pole pieces instead of on the magnet, the construction of said plate and combination therewith of the mirror, the uniting together of the pole pieces, coil and scale plate, so that these parts may be separated as a unit

192

from the magnet, the construction and arrangement of the concentric resistance coils, the novel form of circuit closer, and the disposition of the circuit connections together with other combinations and instrumentalities. 7 claims.

6,811. Improvements in telephones." W. VOGEL and G. G. CALKINS. Dated May 2nd. 6d. Claim:-A telephonic transmitter or receiver, comprising a main line coil, a local circuit coil, a soft iron core, and a vibrating armature or diaphragm, substantially as described.

6,956. "Improvements in electric and elevated railways." E. M. BOYNTON. Dated May 6th. 11d. Consists chiefly of a skeleton tube or tubes supported on suitable columns, and strengthened by circumferential bands, and when electricity is used as a motive power it embraces a novel device for supporting and protecting the electric conductors. 6 claims.

7,003. "Improvements in electric motors." L. DUNCAN and H. H. CARPENTER. Dated May 6th. 8d. Has for its object a construction which shall be relatively of small weight and great efficiency, wherein the revoluble parts shall move at a low rate of speed, thereby dispensing with intermediate gearing or belting, which is necessary where slowly moving machinery is driven by ordinary motors, and also wherein the resultants of the moving forces are evenly distributed throughout the revoluble parts. 3 claims.

7,425. "Improvements in the method of producing alternating electric currents." M. S. CONLY. Dated May 13th. 8d. Claims:1. The described method of producing high tension impulses, in a line circuit, the same consisting in first closing a local battery circuit, including a helix, thereby causing the helix to become electro-statically saturated, then simultaneously opening the electric circuit and introducing the line circuit therein, thereby permitting the electro-static discharge from the helix to traverse the line circuit, substantially as described. 2. The described method of producing alternating electric currents in a line circuit, the same consisting in first closing a local battery circuit, in which is included a helix, thereby causing the helix to become electro-statically saturated, and then simultaneously opening the local circuit, and introducing the line circuit therein, alternately reversing the terminals of the local with the terminals of the line circuit after each closing of the local circuit, whereby the electro-static discharge from the helix will traverse the line circuit in alternately opposite directions, substantially as described.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Storms and Telegrams.

The very able article, so far, by W. Slingo and A. Brooker in your issue of 23rd inst. cannot be otherwise than most interesting to telegraph and electrical engineers, and as it is to be continued, I hope these gentlemen will not fail to deal upon the subject of the A pole for exposed positions, but give their candid opinions thereon. Since I introduced this pole in January, 1887, I understand that the government of certain railway companies are erecting them on a very large scale, showing that, under a proper survey, they have proved

a success.

If these gentlemen have not seen a line constructed entirely with A poles, I would ask them to inspect such between, say, Daluaspidel and Dava (about 45 miles on the Highland Railway) before concluding their article, when they may find something to enlarge upon, and thus benefit all concerned. I have no doubt that the manager would allow them to ride in the van, for the purpose of this important inspection, if they will only take the trouble to obtain his sanction.

Arthur E. Gilbert.

P.S.-There is also a piece of A pole line from Stanley junction to Pitlochry, on the same railway, which may be equally worth looking at, unless it has been allowed to deteriorate and get out of shape. January 29th, 1891.

Varying Resistances of Bad Conductors.

In a previous letter I called attention to a supposed discovery made by Mr. Branly, which formed the subject of an article in the Electrician of the 23rd ult. At the time I wrote to the ELECTRICAL REVIEW I also wrote to the Electrician, but they have not published my letter.

That the Electrician is published in connection with a certain telegraph interest is I believe openly admitted; but, notwithstanding that this is so, I should have expected that a certain sense of fair play would have characterised the

[FEBRUARY 6, 1891.

management of the paper, and I think I am only doing my duty in calling attention to the treatment my letter has

received.

An observation made during a thunderstorm in 1856 led to researches which resulted in the production of my lightning bridge, which was practically introduced in 1866, and which depends for its action upon a precisely similar principle as that which appears to have been lately rediscovered by Mr. Branly; and, curiously enough, this is the second occasion that I have been very unfairly treated by those connected with telegraph interests in respect to my lightning bridge invention.

That my bridges are efficient protectors is evidenced by the letter of Mr. Haynes, the telegraph engineer of the Bristol and Exeter Railway, which he wrote to the ELECTRICAL REVIEW in August, 1882. On the B. and E. Railway there are 110 of my bridges, all of which were doing duty last year, and I have no doubt are doing duty at the present time. 73 of these bridges were supplied in 186724 years ago and 37 in 1872-19 years back. During the whole of the period mentioned they have been acting efficiently, and it has occasionally happened that the passage of a lighting discharge has temporarily produced a path across the bridge of low resistance, which has been at once set right by giving the lightning bridge a few taps. There were at one time several thousands of my lightning bridges fitted to the postal telegraph instruments, but at the time they were supplied there was a disciplinary regulation in force, which did not permit wires in direct communication with the earth to be led into intermediate telegraph stations, and my bridges had to comply with the postal regulations. Now, notwithstanding that this disciplinary regulation was in force, and insisted upon by the electrical department of the Post Office, Mr. Preece read a paper before the Society of Telegragh Engineers in December, 1872, in which he condemned my bridges because there was no direct earth connection, and the remarks I made during the discussion that followed Mr. Preece's paper were suppressed from the published proceedings of the Society.

Now, it unfortunately happened for me that an unusually severe storm occurred in the metropolis shortly after my lightning bridges had been adopted by the Postal Department. The clerk in charge of a district office informed me, that during the time this storm was raging electrical discharges succeeded one another with great rapidity, producing a sound like a continuous cracking of whips, that the composition pipe of the gas burners was melted, and the gas set fire to. Now, as the lightning bridges were not supplied with earth wires to carry away the main discharges direct to earth, and as the discharges were unusually severe, they were burnt up after a series of discharges had passed through, and advantage was taken of this circumstance to condemn my bridges. I have no doubt that all these offices are now fitted with earth wires, but I venture to think if another such storm as that which destroyed my bridges should occur, that the lightning protectors now adopted by the Post Office would be destroyed.

February 2nd, 1891.

S. Alfred Varley.

S. Alfred Varley's Article on Crookes's Address. I thank your correspondent, "N. S.," for his criticism. It is very difficult to paint in words, not capable of misconception, what the mind conceives, especially when an argument involves mental assumptions, and the difficulty is very much increased when one tries to express what he wants to say, very briefly. On re-reading the passage commented upon, I find I have not clearly expressed what was in my mind at the time I was writing the article, and the criticism of "N. S.," so far as it goes, seems to me to be sound, at the same time it is not quite free from ambiguity, and I think it very probable that "N. S." also found some difficulty in expressing verbally what was in his mind when he wrote his letter.

I have dealt with the matter in another communication, as I found I should have to run into some length in dealing with the matter commented upon, and usefully answering the questions "N. S." has put.

February 2nd 1891.

S. Alfred Varley.