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In a paper recently read before the Chicago Electric Club, Theo. P. Bailey makes the following statement :-"Several railway companies which adopted the cable system before the possibilities of the electric system were fully appreciated or understood, are now seriously considering the complete displacement of that system and the substitution of electricity in its stead. I have no doubt that some bright representative of the electric system will persuade our cable friends to join the procession of progress, abandon the cable, welcome and adopt electricity as the motive power, and thus preserve the independence and stability of his street railway system." Such statements sound very nice on paper, or would, if they were true; but we have yet to learn of any company that contemplates such a change. Statements like the above do more harm than good to the cause of electric traction. No matter how much we may all wish that electricity might at once be adopted as the universal motive power for street railways, we know from the very nature of the case that it cannot be done. Nearly every street railway line in operation or building presents a different problem for the engineers to solve. To a few the cable is best adapted, to others electricity, and to others horse-power. Several important lines are about to be equipped with cable, on every one of which the management would prefer to employ electricity, but in the present state of the art they do not feel safe in doing it. Are we to infer that they are fools "above all men" because they adopt the cable system. By no means; we give them credit for being honest, and for doing what all would do if placed in their position and knowing all the facts. We do not believe that there is an electric company in the country that would undertake to equip with electricity such lines as Third Avenue and Broadway, New York, or Pennsylvania Avenue at Washington, if they were to manage the lines and be held responsible for their economical working for the next five years. However much anyone may entertain the hope expressed in the paper named above, that horse, cable or steam power will be numbered with the events of the past, and that electricity will claim supremacy, we do not believe that cable railway managers nor those contemplating the building of such systems are giving themselves very much concern over the possibilities of such an event.

Copy of Mr. Bailey's reply published in the January, 1891, "Street Railway Journal" of New York.

(As we have many times stated, our columns are open to any who have anything to communicate, and especially are they open to any who may at any time feel that through some utterance of ours, or some mistake, they may not have received entire justice. Under these circumstances we are very glad to print the following letter which relates to some editorial comment in our last issue.-ED.)

Chicago, December 20th, 1890. Editors "Street Railway Journal."

Gentlemen,—It has been my pleasure to read the December number of your very excellent journal, and to note its editorial comments upon certain statements in the paper which I read a few weeks since before the Chicago Electric Club on the subject of electric railways.

I am truly glad to know that there was something in the paper worthy of the consideration of thoughtful people, and am not surprised to find some who are unwilling to accept the predictions made as to the future of electricity in the problem of surface and elevated railway transportation, but I do regret to see that I am credited with exaggerations and misstatements in order to score a point or a victory for electricity, and at the same time strike a blow against the cable.

When I stated that several railway companies which had dopted the cable system before the possibilities of the elec

[JANUARY 23, 1891.

tric system were fully appreciated or understood, were now seriously considering the complete displacement of that system, and the substitution of electricity in its stead, I had indisputable evidence of the fact before me, and that evidence is still in my possession. It is a notable fact that electricity is now being used on many roads where two or three years ago it was contemplated the cable system should be used. In fact, at that time nothing but the cable system was considered for these particular cases.

It is also a fact that several cable railway companies have used electricity instead of cables in equipping extensions or new lines, and I have no doubt others will do likewise in the future. The principal reason why there has not been a general movement in this direction is that the desired franchises for overhead wires could not readily be obtained. Cable railway companies in four of our leading western cities. are now arranging to supplant their cable with the electric system, and I have no doubt that within one year the final arrangements and contracts will all be closed.

Mr. Frank Van Vleck, of Los Angelos, recently read a paper before the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, in which he said :-"The writer, although connected with the development of the cable system, cannot but conclude that the day of usefulness for the cable has for ever gone, and that the electric road stands the champion in the field."

Mr. Thomas Lowry at the last meeting of the American Street Railway Association, said that he was so thoroughly convinced that electricity is the coming power for street railways that this was the last convention that would ever seriously consider horses for the operation of street rail

ways.

It is not surprising that the management of all cable and horse railway companies do not abandon their present method of propulsion and substitute electricity, for it must be remembered that the latter is the junior member of this trio of motive powers for street railways, and its superiority and advantage must be proven beyond the possibility of a doubt before its seniors will give way to it. Examine the statistics of the past two years, however, and I believe you will agree with me that it is rapidly and permanently making up a record upon which the verdict of the public will be substantially a unit in its favour.

The facts as they are shown to-day do not warrant or justify the division of business between the electric, cable, and horse railway systems, as stated in your article, for it is universally conceded that the latter method has practically become obsolete so far as future installations are concerned, while the cable system has no advocates, except for large cities, where overhead wire privileges cannot be obtained, and places where the gradients are so excessively heavy that adhesion cannot be relied upon in ascending them. In all other cases, and under all other circumstances, the electric system stands unexcelled and supreme.

In counter-distinction with your proposition or statement that no electric company would undertake to equip with electricity suéh lines as Broadway and Third Avenue, New York, or Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, &c., I speak advisedly when I say that I know of at least one electric company who would be very glad of an opportunity to equip any one of the three roads mentioned, with the guarantee that the percentage of operating expenses should be less with electricity than with any other known system of motive power for traction purposes. I am not certain but that there are at least four other companies who would willingly accept a similar con

tract.

I do not believe that there is a point on Broadway or Third Avenue, in New York City, where a greater number of cars pass in a given time than at the corner of Winter and Tremont Streets, in Boston, where the electric system is employed on the West End Road in that city. No one has ever doubted or questioned the complete success of this elec trical installation, and anyone familiar with the situation there will concede that it operates under conditions of a most adverse character, and that such a combination of unfavourable circumstances affecting the operations of an electric road cannot be found in any street railway system in the United States.

Trusting that you will do me the favour to give this letter a place in the January number of your journal, I am, with respect,

THEO. P. BAILEY.

THE EFFICIENCY AND DEPRECIATION OF INCANDESCENCE LAMPS.

OWING to the rapid extension of electric lighting in London during the past year or two, the question of the efficiency and depreciation of the incandescence lamp has become more prominent. In London alone at the present day, there are probably some 200,000 lamps at work, reckoned irrespective of their candle-power, and the renewals of these will not be far short of the same number yearly.

With the exception of the high candle-power lamps, the manufacture is practically a monopoly of the Edison-Swan Company, and it is only fair to say that they have carried out their work thoroughly. Charging a high price, and being free from any competition, they have been enabled to devote their attention to the production of a standard article, and owing to the careful tests made, there is little or no difference to be found in any batch of lamps.

For the last few years there has been no marked improvement in the filament itself, any alterations made being confined to the attachment of the filament to the platinum contacts, the globe and the outside fittings.

A test of these lamps was published in the REVIEW of January 16th, and it may be useful to refer to it again, and note the relation of candle-power and energy consumed throughout the thousand hours.

with the manufacturers' rating of 4 watts. Starting at 19:3, the candle-power falls slowly over the first 100 hours, then more rapidly, and reaches the normal after 275 hours' run; from that time the decrease is more gradual, the mean of 15.2 candles being passed at 400 hours. The resistance "hot" of the lamp rises from 155 to 166 ohms, owing to particles of carbon being removed from the filament and deposited on the surrounding glass. This rise of resistance and consequent diminution of energy consumed and light developed is not great, and it is doubtful whether the actual temperature and light emission of the carbon is much reduced. Probably the greater part of the loss of light is due to the blackening of the glass, and it is this gradual obstruction of the light, and not so much the falling off of the light itself, that renders the lamp inefficient.

Suppose a test to be made on the same lamps with an initial consumption of 375 watts per candle, the curve would probably start from 17, pass the normal at about 500 hours, and finish the 1,000 hours at 15 candles with a consumption of 4 watts per candle. An average of 16 candles would be obtained with a consumption of 4 watts per candle. would be of the greatest interest to carry out a test on these lines, as these lamps would be the more efficient of the two.

It

A lamp rated at a high efficiency gives a high candlepower with a low consumption for about a third of its life. only, but owing to excessive blackening of the glass does the remaining two-thirds with a low candle-power and large consumption.

It seems that the point to aim at for true economy is to reduce the steepness of the curve and make it approximate, as nearly as possible to the normal line, to sacrifice part of the light at first for the sake of the light towards the end of the run.

An interesting experiment is to take two lamps, one of 95 volts and the other of 100 volts, and place them side by side on the same fitting supplied at 100 volts. After the first 100 hours or so little difference is perceptible between the two; later on the 100-volt lamp will be the more brilliant, until the 95-volt lamp comes to an untimely end. Of the two the 100-volt lamp, light for light, will have consumed less

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energy. So that even if the lamps could be bought at a cheaper rate it would not pay to overrun them, as after the first 100 hours the more brilliant lamp places itself on a level with the ordinary one and falls off more rapidly after. Considering that the price charged to smaller customers who cannot obtain their lamps direct varies from 4s. 6d. to 6s. the question of life is a serious one.

Even with the present rating great annoyance is caused by the unevenness of the light. Nothing is more unsightly than a group of lamps some of which are bright and others dull. A new installation will start 20 per cent. above the normal brilliancy, and, assuming that all the lamps last through 1,000 hours, will fall 25 per cent. below, i.e., the total illumination will be reduced by one-third, and not until the lamps have been replaced once or twice, and their ages thoroughly mixed up, will the illumination rise nearly to the normal again.

For ordinary purposes the temperature of the filament could not be increased without the light becoming painfully bright. It would then have to be removed to a greater distance or carefully shaded, and there would be no real gain.

In practice, a further loss of light is occasioned by the lamps being allowed to become covered with dust. People who take care to have their windows kept clean in order to avail themselves of a full share of the light for which they do not pay, neglect to do the same with their lamps, although this method of illumination is more expensive. If lamps were taken out at intervals, and the glasses rubbed clean, a marked difference would be apparent. Again, in many cases, the lamps are hung downwards in close fitting shades, without any possibility of ventilation, so that the lamp socket and holder become considerably heated, the plaster loosened, and the lamp rendered useless. Such shades should. be supported by open carriers, to allow free circulation of air.

Sometimes lamps are worked in as part of the ceiling decoration, and if this be in light colours, the effect is disastrous, as the circulation of air round the heated lamp deposits a ring of dirt at that spot.

Fittings for lamps should be simple and not heavy; the lamp in itself is a beautiful object. These should have efficient ventilation, and be kept clean.

A PERMANENT ELECTRICAL MUSEUM.

WE understand that a proposal is likely to be made to set apart a room of the new premises of the Institute of Electrical Engineers for a museum of electrical apparatus.

No one will suspect us of having any other desire than that of promoting the permanent interests of the electrical industry, but for more than one reason we very much doubt the wisdom of incurring the expense which the collecting, housing, and maintaining a museum of electrical apparatus would involve.

We have had the advantage of discussing the matter with an old member of the Society of Arts, one whose memory does not hark back quite so far as the period 1823-1825, when electro-magnetism came under the official cognisance of the Society of Arts, but who nevertheless has a lively memory of the time when the model room was a distinctive feature of

[JANUARY 30, 1891.

that Society, and the electro-magnetic apparatus of Marsh and Sturgeon were among the more than ordinary objects of interest in the Society's museum.

A time arrived when the model room ceased to be an object of general interest; the models were neglected and became dilapidated, and the museum was eventually done away with; but at the time of the actual dispersal, a good deal of the more interesting apparatus, including, it is believed, that of Messrs. Marsh and Sturgeon, had disappeared, no one knew how.

King's College possesses a collection of Wheatstone's apparatus, and seeing the very close connection which existed between that college and Wheatstone, it is understandable that they should attach considerable value to apparatus which is in a sense classical, but to the public generally this apparatus of Wheatstone is quite inaccessible.

An electrical museum of any real value would take up a good deal of room, and would also involve the Society in a considerable expenditure; the opening of such a museum would no doubt be inaugurated with a flourish of trumpets, and attract attention for a time; after which it would become more or less neglected, and sooner or later it would probably share the fate of the Society of Arts Model Room.

Moreover, there is already at South Kensington a museum of engineering, electrical, and other scientific apparatus, collected together, where they can be better seen and more conveniently studied than would be possible at the Electrical Institute, and which has the additional advantage of being accessible to everybody.

We had the good fortune a few months ago of meeting in the museum at Sonth Kensington an American stranger studying the scientific apparatus, and we were pleased to hear him say that there was no city in the world comparable with London for obtaining knowledge, and that there was no collection of scientific apparatus in any other capital such as that to be seen at South Kensington. This American was a young engineer on a visit to Europe to pick up information; he said he had already spent some days going over the museum, and he intended spending a few more days. We offered to point out to him the chief electrical apparatus of interest, an offer of which he was glad to take advantage.

The more concentrated, the more accessible is a collection of apparatus for the purposes of study, especially to strangers, and there is also a certain advantage in gathering together mechanical, electrical and other scientific apparatus so as to be able to compare them one with the other, and to study them together; we should therefore be sorry to see any of the apparatus now at South Kensington removed to such a museum as it is proposed to create in connection with the Institute of Electrical Engineers.

THE ELECTRO-DEPOSITION OF COPPER.

ON another page we briefly give an account of a visit to the works of the Elmore Patent Copper-Depositing Company. The result of our inspection of the plant and modus operandi of the process in no way alters the opinions we have previously expressed; indeed, we feel that our position is con

siderably strengthened. The plant which is used to deposit five tons of copper per week necessitates at least, when considering the loss in the transformation of mechanical into electrical energy, 75 horse-power developed during the 168 working hours. The cost of this, with the fuel and labour for melting Chili bars to form "shot copper" as anodes, the labour in the bath rooms, machine room, &c., and without taking into consideration depreciation of plant, office expenses, rent of factory, management, and all other incidental expenses, would certainly be at least double Dr. Hopkinson's estimate, an opinion we have previously given, and of which we now feel certain. It would appear, however, on the face of it, that even if the working expenses were greater than we anticipate, the profits of the company are not materially affected, as the lowest priced articles are said to be sold at 6d. per lb. above the price paid for raw copper.

This would mean a perfect golden harvest to the Elmore Company, if it were not for certain drawbacks which are naturally not confided to the public. It was admitted that certain tubes ordered had not come up to the specification degree of hardness in manufacture, and in consequence were relegated to "stock." It would be interesting to know what proportion such tubes which might be termed "wasters," bear to those which pass muster, and also whether when the former are "stocked," they can be considered of any real value? The production of Elmore copper being now confined to tubes only, which are admittedly first-class specimens of manufacture when the deposit meets requirements, the fortunes of the company depend not only upon the high price to be obtained for such articles, but also upon the extent of their sales, which may be comparatively limited. Indeed, up to the present we can obtain no information as to any real business being done beyond vague promises on the part of certain copper merchants to take the Elmore productions if they can be supplied.

So far as the Wire Company is concerned, we do not conceal our belief that its foundation is very unsatisfactory, and that in this branch of electrical industry at least there will be found competitors offering, at ordinary market prices, just as good material as Elmore copper. Assuming that this be so it may be pointed out that the whole of the capital transferred by the Wire Company to the vendor company must now be considered, so far as the Wire Company is concerned, as absolutely thrown away. The promotors are thoroughly well aware that the Mouchel copper compares favourably with that of Elmore, and there is now in Liverpool a copper refinery delivering 60 tons of copper per week to wire drawers with a guaranteed conductivity of 100 per cent., Matthiessen's standard.

Altogether, visitors must have felt somewhat disappointed at being shown half finished buildings which are eventually intended to contain copper depositing plant and wire-drawing machinery, treated to descriptions, illustrated by a brokendown old lathe, of machines for wire-producing which do not yet exist, and still more so at being left entirely in the dark as to the legitimate amount of business which the company is doing, or is supposed to be carrying on. The largest contingent of Press representatives were from our financial contemporaries, and as there are rumours that an American company is likely to be brought out within the next few

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weeks we fear that it will be generally conceded that the raison d'être of the publicity now given to the Elmore works, a publicity too long delayed, will be found to lie in new financial operations rather than in developing the electro deposition of copper as a bonâ fide business.

Our inspection of the works intensifies our feelings, almost amounting to disgust, that the patents for the process should have changed hands for fabulous sums of public money; it throws into even stronger relief the absurdity of M. Secrétan's report and the indiscretion of the directors in acting upon it. Those at the head of the business will be singularly ill-advised if they attempt any further financial operations. There is quite sufficient responsibility on their shoulders, and if they only recognise the fact that the responsibility will in process of time, whether more or less delayed, be brought home to them, they will know that their true friends are those who advise them to face the facts at once, and not to proceed on lines prompted by sanguine hopes and a putting off of the evil day.

Incandescence Lamps.

OUR contemporary, Engineering, in a recent issue, deals at some length with the subject of the deterioration of incandescence lamps, the results of tests described by Mr. W. H. Pierce in his paper before the American Institute of Electrical Engineering being analysed. It is somewhat surprising that the subject has not been dealt with to any extent by anyone on this side of the Atlantic, so we are obliged to accept the results of the American investigations (which appear to be very thorough) as representing the general state of affairs. There seems no reason, however, to suppose that the manufacture of incandescence lamps in this country has resulted in any better specimens being produced, as regards durability, than elsewhere. One fact does not yet appear to have been established, and that is, whether the durability of an incandescence lamp is greater or less with alternating than with continuous currents. Professor Ayrton has proved that the efficiency is practically the same for the two cases, but durability has not been dealt with. There appears to be two aspects from which this question may theoretically be regarded, viz., does the alternating current by its rapid alternations perpetually rack, as it were, the carbon filament, or does one alternation undo the disintegrating strain of the other? As far as one can see, there appears but little hope that any substance can be produced which can resist the effect of the high temperature to which it is necessary to bring the filament in order to produce a reasonable efficiency, and the question arises, whether, in view of this fact, it would not be better to devise some satisfactory method of cleansing the inside of the glass globes, and possibly of providing spare filaments to be used in turn as the one in use deteriorates beyond a certain stage. The results of the American experiments dealt with by our contemporary seem conclusively to prove that the average efficiency of their lamps does not exceed 5 watts per candle, and that all statements to the contrary must be accepted with great suspicion, and can only be correct as regards a very short initial period; moreover, it appears that a lamp starting with a high efficiency is not necessarily more or less efficient than one starting with a low efficiency. Probably the real solution of the whole question will be that of producing the lamps at such a low price that a short life at a high efficiency will be the order of the day, although English experience does not confirm the suggestion; this will either necessitate the abandonment of the use of platinum or the more economical use of it. Incandescence lamps at a few pence each would settle the whole question, hopeless as such a consumraatior seems at present.

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PLANT EFFICIENCY WITH OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT TRANSFORMERS.

BY WILLIAM STANLEY, JUN.

SEVERAL Contributions on the relative merits of the closed and open circuit transformers for the distribution of electrical energy, have lately appeared in The Electrical Engineer, New York. In various letters, Mr. Swinburne has maintained that the open circuit transformer is more efficient than is its opponent of the closed magnetic circuit type, and that consequently, American engineers were applying and advocating apparatus lacking maximum efficiency.

When, in 1885, I constructed the first closed transformer, and adapted it for commercial lighting, I had in mind the very differences which are now being discussed, and at the same time there seemed to me to exist certain objections to open circuit transformers which still appear to me to be of such magnitude that I believe, in America at least, the open circuit transformer is at a disadvantage. Of these objections I have seen no mention; they are briefly as follows:

In the open circuit transformer of the Rhumkorff, the Gaulard and Gibbs, or the Hedgehog type, high efficiency is due to the fact that the fluid (or air) portion of the magnetic circuit causes the current phase to lag behind the E.M.F. more than in the closed magnetic type, and in a well-constructed transformer of the open circuit type this lag is nearly 90° at no load, that is, when the secondary circuit is open. Now in these transformers the value of the primary current varies comparatively little with the load derived from the secondary circuit, and when such a transformer is gradually loaded, the primary current will remain, roughly speaking, constant, while the lag of the current behind its E.M.F. will diminish; the phases of current and E.M.F. more nearly coinciding as the energy taken from the transformer is increased.

In the closed circuit type of transformer, however, the value of the primary current in ampères is very nearly in direct proportion to the load upon the secondary circuit. Thus while the primary current in the open circuit type remains, roughly speaking, constant, possibly varying 10 to 20 per cent., the primary current in the closed type is proportional to the load.

Let us examine briefly the station requirements for the two contrasted types. With the open circuit type ths of the station plant, that is, ths of all the engines and dynamos, must run continual to supply the primary currents, for the ampère value of these currents is about constant; while with the closed circuit type of transformer, the engines and dynamos in service vary in proportion to the number of lamps burning. Thus, in a station having 10 dynamos and engines of equal size, in many places one dynamo and engine will easily supply all the energy necessary during 12 or 14 hours out of the 24, when the closed circuit or American type of transformer is used; while, with the open circuit type advocated by Mr. Swinburne, at least eight of such engines or dynamos would be required to do the same work. The question arises, therefore, Which system uses the least fuel, and costs the least?

For the sake of simplicity, we will allow Mr. Swinburne's transformer to have 100 per cent. efficiency. We will also allow the closed circuit transformer an efficiency of 95 per. cent., which can be proven to be commercial practice in welldesigned transformers. Placing the engine losses at 10 per cent., and neglecting the losses in the main, we find that with the open circuit type the loss is eight times as much as with the closed type, neglecting transformer losses; or 7'6' times, including these losses. In short, it requires about seven to seven-and-a-half times as much coal to maintain current for open circuit as for the closed circuit type, because, during the idle period of the day, approximately seven to eight times as many dynamos and engines have to be run, and the principal losses occur in these elements instead of in the transformers. During the remainder of the day, about one-half of the time, that is a quarter of a complete day, the efficiencies of the systems employing these two types would be equal; and during the remaining quarter of the day the efficiency of the open type would be 5 per cent. greater.

Canadian Electrical News.

I therefore dispute Mr. Swinburne's statement that an open circuit transformer is as efficient an element of a system of distribution as its American brother. With higher frequency the open circuit transformer will make a better showing, and probably will be used, providing we can arrange means to obviate the extra losses.

By the way, why use the words converter or transformer? Would not Cyclotrope or Ergotrope, meaning that which transfers from a circuit, and that which transfers energy, be more appropriate?

PROGRESS OF THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES.

(Continued from page 107.)

JOHNSON AND PHILLIPS.

A large number of both continuous current and alternating dynamos have been built and sold. Amongst the former were machines for the Duke of Northumberland, K.T.; the General Post Office, Birmingham; the National Museum and Libraries, Dublin (coupled direct to Willans's engines); Madame Tussaud's exhibition, and many others, for important installations and for ship lighting. We may mention complete sets for the Hong Kong central station, a machine for the extension of the Keswick central station, and several others for the Continent. Eleven sets of the Kapp central station continuous current dynamos are now being built for the Vestry of St. Pancras, the first local authority in London that will undertake the supply of electricity themselves. The battery department has been fully occupied in making complete sets of accumulators. The vulcanised rubber shops have also been full of work, making cables for the electric light and transmission of power. The business in the Brockie-Pell arc lamp department has been extremely satisfactory, and shows a very large increase over 1889. Amongst the numerous establishments where this lamp has been introduced during the year may mentioned the following: General Post Office, London; General Post Office, Birmingham; the Royal Mint, London; the Government Quays, Sydney, N.S.W.; the National Museum and Libraries, Dublin; "The Empire," and many other theatres; Madame Tussauds's exhibition; the Gaiety Restaurant; Spiers and Pond's new stores, Water Lane, E.C.; Winchester House, Old Broad Street, E.C.; Sir Arthur Guinness, Son & Co., Limited, Dublin, &c. A large number of these lamps have also been supplied for the lighting of railway stations belonging to the Great Northern, Great Eastern, Lancashire and Yorkshire, and other companies, whilst a few alternating lamps have been placed in the streets of Newcastle-on-Tyne for public lighting. The arrangements are now on the point of completion for lighting all the principal streets and quays in Hong Kong with double carbon 32-hour lamps on the continuous current series system. Several additional buildings have been erected by this firm during the year to meet the general growth of the business.

MANCHESTER EDISON-SWAN COMPANY.

be

This company have experienced a considerable increase in their business during 1890-33,469 incandescent lamps having been supplied by them for the Lancashire district.

In the commencement of the year they found it necessary to take additional premises in Little John Street, Manchester, on account of the increase in the manufacturing branch of their business. This, however, now proves to be inadequate, and it has been decided to move their works further out of the City, where a well-appointed and commodious factory will be built.

In the installation department a large quantity of work has been carried out during the past year.

Several important installations are at present in progress, amongst which may be mentioned 1,500 lights for the Wholesale Co-operative Society, at Leicester; the lighting of the premises of the Derby Co-operative Society; the Restaurant of Thomas Parker and Sons, Manchester S. Hazzopulo's café, Brown Street, Manchester; the warehouse of Messrs. Frautenburg & Co., Greengate, Salford; the offices of the Manchester Ship Canal Company; the pre