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EUROPE.

FRANCE. The Finance minister of France has laid his budget before the Chamber of Deputies. The estimated revenue for 1823 amounts to 909,130,783 francs, or £36,365,231; the estimated expenditure to 900,475,503 francs, or £36,019,011; and this latter estimate includes the interest of the debt of France, which amounts only to 228,724,260 francs, or £.9,148,970.

General Berthon has been apprehended near Saumur, and will be forthwith brought to trial. Captain Valle was executed at Toulon on the 10th inst. pursuant to the sentence of the Assize Court of that town, on his conviction as one of the principal agents of a conspiracy against the Government. The Gazette of Lyons says,

66

He died with much sang froid, and displayed great firmness." In his way to the place of execution he stopped before a liquor shop, and calling for a glass of brandy, drank to the success of France, and the health of the brave.

SPAIN. This country, according to the latest accounts, still continues the scene of internal disturbance. Intelligence received from Madrid the end of last month states that the King and his brother were accused of conspiracy against the constitution; and it was reported that a warm expostulation on this subject took place between the Minister for Foreign Affairs and his Majesty, in which the Minister threatened to make known to the Cortes the plots that were framing against the Constitution, and in which the King and his brothers were concerned.-Madrid was in consequence in a state of great agitation, and seditious cries were preva. lent in all quarters. Later accounts, however, indicate the return of partial tranquillity. On the 30th June the King in person prorogued the Cortes, with a speech remarkable for its constitutional spirit, and for the confidence the King professes in the stability of his Government. The speech notices the rigid economy that has been observed, the improved state of the finances, and the determination of the Government to keep good faith with the public creditor, and to exterminate the national debt. The President, in his Answer, as is usual on such occasions, re-echoes the sentiments of his Sovereign. On the subject of economy he says "Agriculture being almost annihilated, industry disheartened, and trade paralized,

it was necessary to pare down the public expenditure with the most severe economy:" we are sorry to add, that the spirit of party exhibited itself, both as the King proceeded to the Hall of the Cortes and after his return, and that in an affray which took place one man was killed.

PORTUGAL. The Government Gazette of the 2d June gives an account of the discovery of a conspiracy in Lisbon, the object of which it states to have been, "to dissolve the present Cortes, and convoke the old, with some modifications; such as having two chambers, one of them consisting of hereditary members and of the first nobility; to depose the beneficent and magnanimous King John VI., who has so faithfully and openly adhered to the cause of the Constitution and of national liberty, and in his place to elevate the Infant Don Michael at the head of a regency, composed of men the most con-spicuous and respectable, who have declared themselves enemies of the system by which, happily, we are governed: to assassinate those members of the Cortes and of the Ministry who are the most able and celebrated defenders of the national rights: in one word, to throw the whole nation into a state of confusion and civil war, of bloodshed, disorder, and anarchy, the advantage of which was to be reaped by these infamous conspirators, and by others like themselves, who probably will be found engaged in the same plot."

TURKEY, RUSSIA, AND GREECE.The question of peace or war between Russia and Turkey is now understood to be at rest, the Ottomans having agreed to evacuate the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia; and the poor Greeks, having now no chance of the assistance or co-operation of any European power, are again abandoned to the barbarity of their faithless and savage masters. We noticed, in our last Number, the retaking of the island of Scio by the Turks. On this occasion, it appears, these infuriated fanatics wreaked their vengeance on the inhabitants in a way which makes humanity shudder to contemplate. Ten days before the commencement of the Mahometan festival of Ramazan, there were ninety-five executions, some of them of the most considerable men in the island, and connected with the richest families of the Franks, who had been taken as hostages, on the Turks regaining posses

sion of the island; ten of these who had been carried to Constantinople were there beheaded, and the eighty-five in Scio were hung outside of the castle. These executions appear to have been the prelude to a general massacre of the Greeks by the Mahometan rabble; and it is said that the whole island, the city, and the country, is changed into a heap of ruins. It was the consummation of a scene of unrelenting barbarity, such as the world has seldom seen, which, in a few brief months, has ruined and depopulated one of the fairest portions of Greece. The male adult inhabitants of Scio now manure its soil with their lifeless bodies, whilst its women and children are reserved for a fate still more horrible, for dishonour and the basest slavery. We learn, from the details of this most surpassing outrage," that of more than one hundred thousand persons, all perished, except those wretched females and children, who were reserved for the last dishonour and the most dreadful servitude." We will quote a single passage from a letter sent by the Greeks of Constantinople to their brethren and countrymen in this kingdom. "A whole city, lately so flourishing, is now one heap of ruins; whole villages, innumerable country seats, are a prey to the flames; our celebrated school, library, hospital for the sick, hundreds of churches, richly adorned-all one confused mass of smoking rubbish."

Letters brought by the Italian mail note the arrival of several unfortunate Greek families, escaping from Scio, in the different ports of the Mediterranean. It is impossible to read, without the strongest emotions of grief, the pictures drawn of their sufferings, in the different letters addressed to friends in this country. It would fill whole pages to describe the atrocities of the Turks-we shall mention only one. A village in Scio was sacked, plundered, and all the inhabitants taken prisoners. The women and children, to the number of 700, were driven to an inclosed place, at a small distance, in order that the Turks might each select their captives. A dispute for the preference arose, which the commander perceiving was growing serious, proposed, in order to put an end to it, that all should be put to the sword. The proposition was adopted and immediately executed!

The war between the Greeks and the Turks on the Continent is carried on with various success. Advices from Semlin, dated the 9th ult., state, that Chourschid Pacha (who was proceeding to affect a junction with the Pacha of Salonica, at Veria,) has been defeated by the Greeks at Nova Castori. There is no account of

any action between the contending parties at sea, but it is said, in the Paris papers, the Greeks have declared all the Turkish coasts in a state of blockade, and have taken five European vessels.

ASIA.

CHINA. By the arrival of the Kent East Indiaman from China, from whence she sailed on the 26th February, we learn, that the late differences with the Chinese Government have been amicably adjusted, and in a manner the most satisfactory. During the whole discussion, there was not the least attempt at disguise or apology respecting these differences; the whole transaction was laid before the Chinese Authorities in the inost open and candid manner, at the same time in the most peremptory language, stating that no native of England would be given over to the Chinese Authorities for trial.

AMERICA.

CARACCAS AND PERU.-Intelligence was received at Baltimore, from Laguira, of the beginning of June, that the Spanish General Morales had been defeated by Cols. Penango and Heras, and his troops cut to pieces, and himself had fled to the island of Oro. The action took place on the 17th April, at Chipare. Morales subsequently got into Porto Cabello. Bolivar had, by proclamation, invited the inhabitants of Quito to submit to the Columbian forces. Intelligence from Peru, up to February, states, that 4,000 men, sent by Bolivar, had formed a junction with San Martin, with whom he had landed at Pisco, which he captured, and subsequently routed the detachment of Cante

rac.

The commanders of the Spanish frigates Prueba and Venganza, and the corvette Alexandro, which had been blockading Guayquil for some time, weary of the service, have actually sold their ships and stores to the insurgent government against whom they were acting. By a regular convention agreed to on the 16th of February, the ships and all their stores were delivered up to the government of Peru, on condition of the officers receiving their pay and arrears to the time of the agreement, and one step advance in rank; and the interests of the mother country are taken care of by an article of the convention, by which the state of Peru engages to acknowledge a debt in favour of Spain, amounting to 100,000 dollars, and pay the same the moment the latter acknowledges the independence of America, without which the article is not binding.

MEXICO.-Letters have heen received from Vera Cruz of the 30th March, which state that the Cortes were at that

time engaged in active deliberation relative to the adjustment of the affairs of the country. Iturbide had given in his resignation, preferring to abide the decision of the Cortes, regarding the reward of his

services, rather than involve the country in a civil war.-Spanish, American, French, and English vessels, were in the harbour of Vera Cruz, and a regular communícation subsisted with the city of Mexico.

MAY.

4 Union Canal. The Canal Company have fixed their dues on coal at a very moderate rate, and have also regulated or modified them in such proportions as to enable the most remote proprietors of coal to sell them in the Edinburgh market at the same rate as those most immediately at hand; and as the Forth and Clyde Company have co-operated with the Union Canal Company in this arrangement, the community of Edinburgh and its vicinity may confidently expect a fair and great competition to take place along the whole lines of the Monkland, the Forth and Clyde, and Union Canals; on those three lines there are inexhaustible mines of coal, of most excellent quality, and almost every variety. The water is now on from end to end of the canal.

6. Improvement in Naval Architecture. -On Thursday the public were much gratified and astonished at the exhibition of an iron steam-boat on the river Thames, between London and Battersea Bridges. The boat was built at the Horsley Ironworks, near Birmingham, by Mr Manby, and put together at Rotherhithe; she is said to be the most complete piece of workmanship in the iron way that has ever been witnessed, and draws one foot Jess water than any steam-boat that has ever been built. She is 106 feet long, and 17 broad, and is propelled by a thirty horse engine, and Oldham's revolving oars -the most perfect piece of mechanism that has yet been adopted in steam-boats. The great advantage of these oars is their entering and leaving the water edgeways, by which means no power is lost; and they are particularly useful in rivers with narrow bridges, as they occupy little more than half the breadth of the common wheel.

18. Provoking to fight a Duel.-This morning, in the Court of King's Bench, London, the Earl of Westmeath appeared to receive the sentence of the Court, for sending a letter to a gentleman named Woods, tending to provoke a challenge to fight a duel. His Lordship addressed the Court at some length in mitigation of punishment. Mr Justice Bailey, previously to his pronouncing the sentence, addressed the defendant in terms of strong

VOL. XI.

regret at his Lordship's conduct. The sentence of the Court was, that the defendant should be imprisoned three months in the King's Bench Prison, and at the expiration of that time should enter into recognizances in the sum of £.2000, and find two sureties in the sum of £.500 each, to keep the peace for three years.— His Lordship left the Court in the custody of the tipstaff.

Greenock, May 21.-Yesterday afternoon, a new contrivance, by a respectable tradesman in town, for propelling vessels without the aid of steam, sails, or oars, was publicly exhibited for the first time. It consists of a boat about 28 feet keel and nine feet beam, built on purpose, and fitted with light paddle wheels, which are operated upon in various ways by eight men, and made to revolve with considerable speed, so that, even in his first trial, and without any previous practice on the part of the men, the boat was paddled across to Helensburgh in 50 minutes-a distance we believe, of six miles, and brought back in about an hour.

28.-General Assembly.-The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland was dissolved yesterday, after the usual sedcrunt, by his Majesty's Commissioner the Earl of Morton. The most important case which came before the Assembly this year, was one respecting the presentation of a Minister to the parish of Kiltarlity, by Mr Fraser of Lovat, a Roman Catholic, The Committee of Bills transmitted to the Assembly the petition of Mr Donald Fraser, and other members of the Presbytery of Inverness, appellants against a sentence of the Synod of Moray, of date the 23d April last, referring the presentation to the parish of Kiltarlity to this Assembly. Mr Jeffrey, on the part of the appellants, stated, that the Presbytery of Inverness having a presentation tendered to them by an avowed Roman Catholic, had, after some consideration, applied to the Synod of Moray for information how to proceed. In the meantime, some zealous inhabitants in the parish of Kiltarlity, taking alarm at the report which had gone abroad, of a minister being appointed to them by a Roman Catholic patron, referred the case over to the civil court. The Court of Session R