Five normal scientific schools, at Padua, Naples, Palermo, Pavia, 1862-71 Superior special mining schools (Caltanisetta, Agordo, Iglesia, Car rara) a Increase to 1722 in 1891-'92. SUPERIOR MILITARY INSTRUCTION. Date of foun dation. Profes- Pupils. 26 133 265 17 105 349 66 448 62 309 223 al, 761 52 The diploma of the first and second years of the military academy admits pupils respectively to the first and second year of the physicomathematical faculty of the universities. The diploma of the third year admits to schools of application for civil engineers. SPECIAL SECONDARY INSTRUCTION LEADING TO UNIVERSITIES. Superior special scientific departments: Milan, astronomical observatory; (Special Royal Obstetric Schools: Milan, Novara, Vercelli, Venice) Milan Total number of pupils.. Special School for Social Sciences, Florence a The universities having the faculties of law and jurisprudence are 21 in number; physics and mathematics, 15; philosophy and literature, 11; medicine and surgery, 20. The special institutes and schools found in the universities are 3 schools for notaries; 2 schools of political economy and adminis. tration; 2 institutes of physics; 2 institutes of chemistry; 3 schools of engineering; 1 school of differential calculus; 6 schools of projective and descriptive geometry; 1 school of graphic statics; 9 schools of design, architectural and ornamental; 5 normal scientific schools; 6 observatories of astronomy; 8 observatories of meteorology; 2 seismic observatories; 3 museums of mineralogy; 1 museum of geology; 6 museums of archæology and numismatics; 1 special superior school of agriculture; 6 schools of normal literature; 3 pedagogical museums; 2 institutes of physiology; 10 institutes of obstetrics and gynecology; 4 institutes of anatomy; 2 institutes of propedeutics, legal medicine, and phrenics; 1 institute of psychiatry; 1 institute of experimental hygiene; 1 institute of special surgery and demonstrative pathology; 2 institutes of veterinary science; 1 institute of zoötomy; 2 schools of pharmacy; 4 schools of veterinary surgery; 3 museums of surgical instruments; 3 museums of zoölogy; 20 botanic orchards. b As adjuncts to university work are 239 laboratories and cabinets, as follows: 17 for human anatomy; 17 for pathological anatomy; 15 for comparative anatomy; 3 for surgical and topographical anatomy; 17 for experimental physiology and general histology; 3 for microscopic, embryologic, and obstetric research; 8 for general pathology; 1 for vertebrate anatomy and medicine; 2 for special surgical medicinc; 1 for neuro-pathology, electrotherapeutics; 10 for legal medicine and hygiene; 2 for veterinary pathology, anatomy, and medicine; 2 for anthropology; 1 dermo-syphilopathic; 18 for materia medica and experimental pharmacology; 18 for pharmaceutical chemistry; 17 for general chemistry; 18 for physics and experimental physiology; 15 for mineralogy; 13 for geology; 3 for geodesy; 1 for geography; 1 for archæology; 1 for agricultural chemistry; 1 for cryptogamic botany; 1 for agronomy and rural economy; 20 for medical botanic orchards; 12 for zoology; 1 for zootecnia. Also 110 clinics, as follows: 18 for medical propedeutics; 18 for surgical propedeutics and operations; 11 obstetrical; 14 dermopathic; 14 syphilopathic; 16 ophthalmic; 2 pathological; 1 physiological; 10 therapeutical; 1 psychiatrical; 1 oto-laryngo-rhynoiatrical; 1 medical and surgical veterinary traumatological. c Total 16,922 in 1891-'92. EXTRACT FROM THE NEW BY-LAWS OF THE ITALIAN UNIVERSITIES, OCTOBER 26, 1890. The directive board of each university is composed as follows: One rector, one academic council, the presidents of each faculty, the council of each faculty, the assembly of the ordinary and extraordinary professors of the university. The scholastic year is nine months and a half. For admission to the first year and to any faculty the "diploma of the licei" is required. The diploma of technical institutes (section physico-mathematical) admits only to the physico-mathematical faculty. Foreigners wishing admission to Italian universities must produce a document stating that the applicants have accomplished such studies as would entitle them to admission in a university of their own country. Or they must submit to special examinations. Examinations of Italian universities for graduation are both written and oral. A special commission of university professors constitutes the board of examiners. They are appointed by the rector as follows: For diploma of special sciences, commission of 3 members, 20 minutes. For "laurea" of a faculty, commission of 11 members, 40 minutes. The examinations are public. Chairs. The chairs of ordinary professorships in the universities and superior special institutes of Italy are granted only by titles or examinations. Examinations are in Latin for the two chairs of Greek and Latin literature only. The special commission of examiners (5) is appointed by the minister, directly, on the advice of the superior council of public instruction. The examinations are public as well as the votes of the examiners. The commission draws up a report, which, whether favorable or not to the candidate, is published in extenso in the Gazzetta Ufficiale of Italy. For places of free public professorship in universities and superior and special institutes and schools the examinations are made by a commission composed of a number of ordinary professors of the university, or superior special institute, and an equal number of outside professors. UNIVERSITY REFORMS. During the last few years disturbing influences have been manifest in several universities, among them Turin and Naples. The condition has been extensively discussed by the educational and political press and in parliament. The conclusion has been reached that a radical reform of the Italian universities is necessary, to bring them into accord with the most recent requirements of philosophy and science. The claims of the would-be reformers are substantially as follows: First, the university is to be made independent of either Government or province, as were the ancient studios of Bologna and Pavia and the celebrated school of Salerno. Second, free matriculation, viz, the faculty to grant permission to everyone to be admitted on examination even without having followed the official course of studies. Third, participation of students in the election of the rector, which would put an end to all misunderstanding between students and professors. Fourth, liberty of study, viz, the faculty to allow the students to follow as many courses as they may desire and the regulation to be abolished which obliged them to follow a given number in order to obtain the laurea. Fifth, liberty of teaching by the suppression of all distinction between ordinary, extraordinary, substitute and free professors. Sixth, abolition of the thesis for obtaining the laurea.. Seventh, the participation of the superior special institutes in the regulations which correspond to those of the university faculties. Eighth, the right granted to women (who are admitted in Italy to all universities and superior special institutes) to practice in all liberal professions, which right is now reserved for men only: Ninth, the participation of Italians in the seeking of foreign diplomas and laureas and vice versa. Hon. E. Villari, ex-minister of public instruction since 1890,' submitted the above-mentioned claims to the supreme council of public instruction of Italy for consideration. It is expected that the long-sought reform in the organization of Italian faculties will soon become a fact. At the meeting of the university congress held in Palermo on the 22d of April, 1891, the following resolution, embodying the main principle of the reform, was voted upon: Resolved, That the juridical person ality be granted to the university as the most potent means towards obtaining didactic and disciplinary autonomy, state interference to be forbidden except as regards financial control within the limits of the legal donation. ACADEMIES, ATHENÆUMS, SUPERIOR INSTITUTES. For the study of science, philosophy, literature, fine arts, social sciences, agriculture, and mathematical sciences there are 59 academies and higher institutes. These include, among others, the Royal Academy of Sciences in Bologna, the Sicilian Society for the Study of National History in Palermo, the Dante Alighieri Society for the Diffusion of the Italian Language in Rome, the literary academies of Bossano, Bergamo, Brescia, and Venice, the school for electrical study in Milan, the Italian scientific and geographic societies of Rome, the school for stone carving at Parma, the national and royal associations in Naples, the medical and scientific societies of Turin, the royal academy, "dei Lincei,” in Rome, and others too numerous to mention. 1 Succeeded by the Hon. F. Martini, May 15, 1892. Date of founda tion. VI.-FINE ARTS. FINE ARTS-ACADEMIES, INSTITUTES, AND SPECIAL SCHOOLS. To the superior and special instruction of fine arts belong the schools of ornamental and architectural design attached to the universities of Cagliari, Catania, Messina, Naples, Padua, Palermo, Pavia, Pisa, and Rome, already mentioned; also the autonomous academies, institutes, etc., given in a separate list. The following bureaus may be noted here: Excavations of antiquities, Pompei; excavations of antiquities, Taranto; antiquities and monuments (special) of Rome, Rome; central direction of the twenty-nine bureaus for the permission to export objects of art or antiquities, Rome. These are fully represented in the museums at Bologna, Cagliari, Este, Florence, Milan, Palermo, Parma, Portogruaro, Ravenna, Rome, Sassari, Syracuse, Turin, and Venice; by the galleries at Florence, Modena, Rome, and Venice; by the pinacotecas of Bologna, Lucca, Milan, Palermo, Parma, and Turin, and by the national monuments of Genoa, Milan, Urbino, Venice, and Florence. Nor should the famous frescoes at Florence and Milan be omitted, as all such art work is truly educational in character. |