of education; the lower grade secondary schools are to be established in each Fu or Ken, the subject of study and standard to be obtained being indicated by the local authorities, but subject to regulations from the educational department. The course of study in lower grade secondary schools extends over five years; candidates for admission "must be of good moral conduct, of sound physique, over 12 years of age, and prove themselves competent to pursue the course." The curriculum is as follows:

Applicants for admission to the higher secondary schools must have completed the lower grade secondary school course, be of good conduct and health and upward of 17 years of age. The course of study covers two years, and a preparatory course extending over three years may be added. Medical departments have also been added to the five higher secondary schools, the course covering four years. This development plainly shows that the organization of secondary schools has become more complete and practical, and that they are an intermediate step to the university. The length of school term is forty weeks each year; the general subjects of study include Japanese language and Chinese literature, English, French, or German, Latin, geography, history, mathematics, zoology, botany, geology, mineralogy, physics, chemistry, astronomy, political economy, philosophy, drawing, dynamics, surveying, and gymnastics. The standard to be obtained is such that the historical studies extend over the histories of Greece, Rome, Germany, France, England, and America; mathematics, through the first notions of plane and analytical geometry, elements of theory of equatious, dif ferential and integral calculus, dynamics through kinematics, dynamics of solids and fluids; gymnastics include military exercises; drawing is subdivided into the heads of descriptive geometry and mechanical drawing. The medical course extends over four years and comprises the English language, zoölogy, botany, physics, chemistry, anatomy, history, physiology, materia medica, pathology, surgical pathology, medicine, surgery, ophthalmology, obstetrics, and gynæcology, medical jurisprudence, hygiene, and gymnastics.

The course of study in the normal schools has been so fully brought out under "training of teachers" that it will only be necessary to add the fact here that in 1886 an extensive revision was made in the regu lations relating to the qualifications of pupils to be admitted to normal schools as well as those relating to their services after graduation. Military training was then first introduced with a view to producing the best possible teachers, and good results have followed. It is stated, in 1890, that the supply of teachers is inadequate to the demand, and that the "number of pupils adequate to the needs of the country can not be trained in the normal schools, owing to the officially fixed number of pupils and the limited length of the courses of study." The duties of nearly six-tenths of the teachers are performed by pupil teachers, and unless a scheme to establish teachers' institutes for special training is carried out the same complaint will be heard in future.

The education of girls has been somewhat neglected in Japan, yet as early as 1872 the Tokio Female School was organized by the department of education. Pupils between 8 and 15 years of age were admitted to it at that date, but since then the candidates for admission must have completed the elementary course and be between 14 and 17 years of age. Similar schools have been established elsewhere during the 20 years since those first efforts were made, but it is still stated that

woman's education has made but little progress as compared with that of the boys. Again, it is difficult to give particulars in regard to advancement, as in some cities female schools are established as a part of the lower grade secondary schools. In 1872 the subjects of study in a 6 years' course were Japanese literature, English language, handiwork, and miscellaneous work. Mathematics, writing, composition, singing, and gymnastics were added a few years later, and in 1882 the following curriculum was established, which seems to still be the one on which the instruction in such schools is based: