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al Survey of the ARTS and SCIENCES

[This SURVLY,d the TREE prefixed, which refer reciprocally, the one to the other, by correfpondent numerical figures, are taken from the introduction to the Come plete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, publifhed in 1754; and will, it is hoped, b thought a proper beginning for a volume of this collection; a work calculated to pro mote knowledge, and infpire the reader with the love of it. The Survey falls in properly with a material article of our plan, that of giving an account of books; and can fcarce fail of being acceptable to those who have not feen this book, as it fhews the relation in which the feveral branches of knowledge stand to each other.-Most of the words referred to, will be found explained in Johnson's, or any other good dictionary, though indeed not fo fully as in that of Arts and Sciences.]

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Aving explained the defign and nature of our undertaking, we proceed to lay down a plan of the fubject-matter. But as this is a task of no finall difficulty, we have thought it neceflary, in order to affift our own as well as the reader's imagination, to prefix the Table or Scheme of Knowledge, by which, as by an intellectual compafs, we have fleered our course through the vaft ocean of Literature. It is conftructed upon a very different plan from all that have fallen within our notice. That of Mr Chambers has been generally difli ked, as too fcholaftic and abstracted; and even that of the great Bacon, with all the improvements of the ingenious authors of the French Encyclopædia, is, in our opinion, too complicated, inafmuch as it blends the confideration of the human foul with that of the objects of its knowledge. On this laft foundation it is that the prefixed general Scheme of Human Knowledge has been drawn up; which, we flatter ourselves, has the advantage of any of thole before mention ed, not only as being more fimple and ratural, but likewife fuller and more accurately diftributed.

ciety; the third, all Natural objects, from the Sun, Stars, and Planets, to the most minute Infects and Atoms of our earth; and the fourth, all works of Art; which, notwithstanding their manifeft connection with the fecond branch, we have judged expedient to arrange under a feparate and diftinct clafs, for this reafon, that as the admirable works of the great Author of nature are confidered fe parately from Theology, fo may the comparatively diminitive, though at the fame time curious and ufeful, productions of human Art, be confidered feparately from Mankind themselves. As to the many fubdivifions of each of these larger branches, they may be feen in the scheme itself; which, being drawn up with no inconfiderable application and study, is fubmitted to the judgment of the learned; who at least cannot fail to approve of our endeavours to please them; fince this defire, added to that of finding a cue to guide us through the intricate mazes of Literature, was what fet us upon compiling it.

We will now take a general furvey of the Arts and Sciences; and, as they pals in review before us, point out the most important branches treated of under each of them; which, at the fame time that it ferves as a farther illustration of the Scheme here referred to, will be a brief analyfis of this work.

(1) METAPHYSICS, ONTOLOGY, or FIRST PHILOSOPHY, undoubtedly conftitute the most fublime of all sciences, as treating of the effence and univerfal affections of all beings. To be a good metaphyfician, one must first be a good divine, a good philofopher, and, in fhort,

This Scheme is branched out, first, in to the General and Particular objects of Knowledge. Under the former, or gene ral branch, is comprehended Metaphyfics, Ontology, or Firit Philofophy; which is again fubdivided into General Pneumatology, Phyfics, Mathematics, Phyfiology, and Chronology: all which are either emploved about the effences or general attributes of Beings; as will be explained afterwards. Under the fecond grand branch of knowledge are comprehended all particular objects, fubdivided into Dia thorough proficient in every branch of vine, Human, Natural, and Artificial; the first whereof includes all that we know about God, and matters of religion; the second, all that more imme diately regards Mankind, whether confidered as Individuals, or Members of So

particular knowledge; he must have diftinct and adequate ideas of the nature and manifold properties of beings in general; otherwife in claffing, diftinguithing, and variously arranging them, he muft unavoidably fall into the groffeft

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blunders:

blunders: we have, therefore, endea voured to explain the various opinions of the learned concerning Effence, Subftance, Caufe, Effect, Poflibility, Neceffity, Power, Duration, Number, Finite, Infinite, Category, Predicament, Genus, Species, &c.

(2) PNEUMATOLOGY, called also PNEU MATICS, is one great and important branch of metaphyfics, which treats of fpiritual beings, their powers, attributes, &c.; whence arife a great many curious articles; as, Spirit, God, Angel, Soul, Mind, Understanding, Idea, Perception, Judgment, Reasoning. Reflection, Senfation, &c.; alío, Knowledge, Science, Will, Memory, Imagination, &c. all treated of in their feveral places.

(3) PHYSICS, another great branch of metaphyfics, to which belongs the explanation of the general properties of corporeal beings, is fubdivided into Mathematics and Phyfiology.

(4) MATHEMATICS treat of Number, Figure, and Magnitude; and hence the fubordinate fciences, Arithmetic, Alge bra, and Geometry: the great excellency of all which is owing to this, that as we have more distinct and determinate ideas of their principles, fo likewife is the knowledge thence arifing more precife and certain than that of most other fcien

ces.

(5) ARITHMETIC is confidered, not only with respect to its fundamental operations, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Divifion; but likewife the rules of Proportion, Intereft, Fellowship, Rebate and Difcount, Tare and Tret, Fractions vulgar and decimal, Reduction, Involution, Extraction of roots, Alligation, Progreffion, both arithmetical and geometrical, Arithmetic of infinites, Lo. garithms, &c. of all which, both the principles and practice are explained in the most diftinct manner, and illuftrated by proper examples..

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(6) ALGEBRA, by fome called Literal or Univerfal Arithmetic, very properly occupies the next place, as ferving to refolve all manner of problems by the fame fundamental operations of addition, fubtraction, multiplication, &c.; but be fides these it contains a great many others, very different from thofe of arithmetics fuch are Equation, Quadratic, Biquadratic, Cubic, Binomial, Surd, Conftruction, Coefficient, Limit, &c.; alfo many in common with it, as, Proportion, Series, Approximation, Involution, Evolution, Fraction, s.

(7) GEOMETRY, another most comprehenfive as well as ufeful branch of mathematics, is confidered as divided into Elementary or Common, and Higher, The firft, or Elementary part, may be conveniently fubdivided into, 1. Planimetry, or the mensuration of plain figures, their length, breadth, angles, diameters, diagonals, areas, &c.; hence the articles Line, Triangle, Square, Parallelogram, Polygon, Circle, Ellipfis, Parabola, Hyperbola, Surface, Surveying, &c.; the properties of all which are explained in their places: as are alfo the figures and ufes of the inftruments employed in defcribing or measuring them, as, Ruler, Compafles, Quadrant, Theodolite, Circumferentor, Plane-table, Chain, Scale, Protractor, Perambulator, &c. 2. Stereometry, or the menfuration of folids; which may be studied under the articles Cube, Parallelopiped, Prifm, Pyramid, Globe, Sphere, Spheroid, Cylinder, Cone, Fruftum, Gauging, Sector, Sliding-rule, Gauging-rod, &c. As to the Higher Geometry, it may be learned under the articles Curve, Curvature, Tranfcendental, Cifloid, Conchoid, Cycloid, Cauftic, &c.

(8) TRIGONOMETRY is that branch of geometry which teaches the memfuration of triangles, whether plain or fpherical: hence a variety of articles; as, Angle, Degree, Sine, Tangent, Secant, Radius, Triangle, Bafe, Perpendicular, Hypothenuefe, &c. all explained in their places. And as to the menfuration and properties of spherical triangles, they will be found under the articles Triangle and Spherical.

(9) SPHERICS contain the doctrine of the phere, the area of its furface, its folidity, formation, projection, &c.; whence the articles Orthographic, Stereo. graphic, Analemma, Planiiphere, Pole, &c.

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(10) CONICS, another branch of geometry, treat of the conic lections; as, Circle, Ellipfis, Parabola, and Hyperbola: whence a variety of articles; as, Axis, Afymptote, Alfeifs, Focus, Parameter, Ordinate, Diameter, c. all treated of under their feveral articles.

(11) PHYSIOLOGY, or NATURAL PHI10soPHY, a science of vast extent, is univerfally acknowledged to be the most fublime, most entertaining, and at the fame time most useful part of fpeculative knowledge, relating to natural objects. It has for its object the laws and various phænomena

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A general furvey of the Arts and Sciences.

phænomena of Nature; whence arife the
articles Matter, Body, Extenfion, Soli
dity, Fluidity, Divifibility, Inertia, Mo-
tion, Gravity, Attraction, Cohesion, E-
lectricity. Magnetifm, Elafticity, Hard-
nefs, Softness, Malleability, Heat, Light,
Cold, Froft, Condenfation, Rarefaction,
Fermentation, Generation, Vegetation,
Crystallization, Nutrition, Patrefaction,
Rain, Thunder, Hurrican, Cloud, Me-
teor, Rainbow, Summer, Winter, Sound,
Tafte, Colour, Smell, &c. In short,
this fcience may be looked upon as the
bafis of all natural and artificial know
ledge, and even of human, so far as it re-
gards the body.
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(12) DYNAMICs conftitute a branch of phyfiology, to which belongs the confide ration of the Laws of Motion, of Percuf fion, of Action and Reaction of Force, Acceleration, Retardation. Direction, Ve

lority, Central Forces, Springs, Powers, Weight, Ge see

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Revelation: hence alfo the articles Eternity, Omnipotence, Omnifcience, Ubiquity, Creation, Providence, &c.

(16) RELIGION is of much greater extent, as comprehending the Creeds, Feftivals, Ceremonies, and Rites of the almoft numberless fects to be found among Chriflians, Jews, Mahometans, and Pagans. Our general divifion of thefe is into True and Falle; Chriftianity and Judaifin being ranked under the former, and Mahometanilm and Paganifm under the latter however, to prevent being mif. underflood, let it be remarked, that we do not mean this of Judaiím as profeffed by the modern Jews, but fuch as it was before the coming of our Saviour, and as delivered in the Old Testament; for as to modern Judaifm, it is perhaps more abfurd than Mahometanim.

The principal articles treated of, under tins head of Religion, may be clalled in the following manner. r. The various Sects; as, Proteftants, Papifts, Arians, Ammians, Socinians, Brachmans, Gymnolophifts, &c. 2. The Rites and Cere

(13) MECHANICs is another branch of phyfiology, which treats of the Equili brium and Combination of Po vers; and hence the fimple machines called the Memonies; as. Baptifm, Eucharist, Ordinachanical Powers, diz Lever, Balance, Axis in Peritrochio, or Axis and Wheel, Pulley, Wedge, Screw, and Inclined Plane. Of thele lare all manner of com pound engines and machines conftrufted; fome confitting of feveral devers; others, of levers, fcrews, and wheels; and o thers, of all the, fimple powers, varioufly combined: Hence the articles Friction, Friction-wheels, Clock, Watch, Water. works, Wind-mill, Water-mill, Crane, Capftum, Windlat, Pile-engine, Silkengine, Orrery, &c.

(14) CHRONO Ocy is employed about time; and comprehends, not only the larger periods, as the Julian and Victorian Periods, the Chriftian Era, the Hegira, Spanish Ara, &c. but likewise its leffer divifions, as, Hour, Day, Week, Month, Year, Olympiad," Luftrum, Cyc'e, Age, Century. Hence allo a variety of articles, relating either to the methods of computing time, or the inftruments for mealuring it; as, Fafli,Calendar, Almanac, Eafter, Epact, Golden Number, Style, Juliam, Gregorian, Indiation. Dial, Watch, Clock, Water and Sand Glafles, &c. all explained in their proper places.

(15) THEORO6y, confidered as a branch of pneumatology, treats of the Being and Attributes of God; and is either Natural or Supernatural, according as its principles are derived from Reaton or

tion, Circumcifion, &c. 3. The differ-
ent kinds of Worfhip; as, Adoration, Pray-
ers, Palmody, Sacrifice, &c. 4. The
Festivals; as, Christmas, Eafter, Pente-
cott, Patlover, Bacchanalia, &c.
5. The
Falls; as, Lent, Ramadan, &c. 6. The
Sacred Books; as, Bible, Alcoran, &c.
7. The Sacred Minitters; as, Prieft, Bi-
fhop, Mufti, Dervis, &c. 8. Places and
Utenfils of worlhip; as, Church, Chapel,
Temple, Mofque, Altar, &c. All which
are explained in the order of the alpha-

bet.

(17) ANTHROPOLOGY includes the doctrine of Human Nature, confidered in general; the Rank which mankind hold in the creation; the Union of Soul and Body, and the Laws thereof; the Immateriality, Rationality, and Immortality of the foul; the unalienable Rights and Privileges of every individual; as, Selfprefervation and Liberty; the Faculties and Defires common to the whole human race, as, Underflanding, Defire of happineis, Sociability, &c.

(18) LOGIC, a fcience much cultiva ted both by ancient and modern philofophers, and justly held in the highest eftimation, has the faculty of the Human Understanding for its object, and is confequently but a branch of anthropology. It confiders the origin of human know. ledge, fhews how ideas or notions are

formed,

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the cafe is quite otherwife: here we have
explained the feveral Ordinaries, Char-
ges, Colours, Metals, and Bearings;
whence arife the articles Bar, Bend,
Chief, Crofs, Bordure, Pale, Saltier
Quarter, Dexter, Sinifter, Or, Agent,
Azure, Efcutcheon, Shield, Creft, Sup-
porters, Blazoning, &c. all which are
defcribed in their place, and the figures.
of most of them curiously engraved in the
copperplates"

formed, compares them to difcover their

agreement or difagreement, teaches the

rules of ratiocination, and explains the

methods pursued in the investigation of

truth. Hence arife a multitude of import-

ant articles; as, Préception, Idea, Sen-

fation, Reflection, Abtraction, Compofi-

tion, Divifion," Judgment, Propofition,

Affirmative, Negative, Univerfal, Parti-

cular, Abfolute, Conditional, Self-evi

dent, Arguments Axiom, Principle,, Syl-,

logifm, Terms, Premites, Conclufion, Fi-

T

gure, Mode, Sorites, Dilemma, Sophifim,

Enthymenfe, Truth, Fallehood, Evi-

dence, Demonstration, Method, Analy-

fis, Synthefis, &c. *....

(19) PERSONAL ETHICS, called by

Bacon the Georgies of the Mind, have the

faculty of the Will for their object, and

confequently are only a branch of anthro-

pology; concerning which we cannot af-

firm what has been faid of logic, fince

philofophers have only considered it as a

fubdivifion of General Ethics, under the

title of the Duties of Man to himself.

Some, indeed, at the head of whom may

be placed Lord Shaftetbury and Hutche-

fen, have treated of the Balance of the

Affections, the Power of the Paflions, and

the Beauty of Virtue and Goodness; yet

ftill a regular and fyftematical treatife on

this fubject feems to be much wanted.

We have explained the various terms

Anger, Averfion, Hatred, Defire, Hope,

Joy, Pleafure, Pain, Good, Evil, Palion,

Appetite, Abflinence, Temperance, &c.

under their respective articles.

(20. 21) HIEROGLYPHICS and HE-

RALDRY are fifter-arts, whereof the firft,
by various fymbols and emblems, tends to
preferve the memory of divine objects of
knowledge, whether doctrines, offices, or
rites; and the latter, by the like means,
perpetuates the honours of great men
and families. Every religion is furnished
with a peculiar fet of hieroglyphics, or
myftical reprefentations. The Egyptians
of old were famous for them; the fefti-
vals of the Greeks and Romans were full
of them; and even the Chriflian and
Jewish religions are not without them,
witnefs Baptifm, Circumcifion, Cruci
fixes, Surplices, &c. However, it must
be confefied, that the doctrine of Hiero-
glyphics is by no means reduced to a fy
Item; which is the reason that though we
have given the best information in our
power on all these and the like heads,
yet not with fuch precision as we could
have wished. With respect to Heraldry

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(22, 23) GRAMMAR and HISTORY are

alfo kindred branches of human know-

ledge, ferving to perpetuate the memory

of facts and inventions, and spread the

knowledge of arts and fciences. The

first we have confidered as divided into

four parts, Orthography, Etymology,

Syntax, and Profody; whence arife the

articles Letter, Vowel, Confonant, Word,

Particle, Subftantive, Adjective, Pronoun,

Verb, Active, Paffive, Adverb, Prepofi-

tion, Interjection, Conjunction, Number,

Cafe, Declenfion, Perfon, Mood, Tenfe,

Concord, Regimen, Verfe, Profe, Ac-

cent, Pronunciation, Primitive, Deriva-

tive, Simple, Con pound, Regular, Irre-

gular, Language, Hebrew, Greek, La-

tin, English, German, French, &c. As

to History, we have confidered it as di-

vided into Civil, Ecclefiaftical, Natural,

and Literary: hence the articles Dictió.

nary, System, Abridgment, Elements, Sy-

noptis, and many of thofe enumerated un-

der the heads Government, Religion, and

Natural History.

(24. 25) RHETORIC and POETRY are

two liberal arts which owe most of their

captivating charms to a good imagina.

tion, or genius; and indeed, without the

aid of this faculty, it is imposible to ex-

cel in any one art or feience whatever.

Under Poetry come the articles Poem, E-

pic, Dramatic, Lyric, Ode, Hymn, Pfalm,

Song, Satire, Elegy, Epigram, Tragedy,

Comedy. Prologue, Epilogue, Soliloquy,

Protafis, Epitafis, Cataftrophe, Act, Scene,

Paftoral, Farce, Hexameter, Pentame-

ter, Ian bic, Saphic, Adonic, &c. And

to Rhetoric may be referred the articles

Elocution, Action, Difposition. 'Exor-

dium, Narration, Confirmation, Perora-

tion, Figure, Trope, Exclamation, (A-

poftrophe, Ep phonema, Metaphor Al-

legory, Hyperbole, Style, &c.

(26) MUSIC, another art depending

upon imagination, we have explained in

the concileft manner confiftent with per-

fpicuity: the terms are not only defined,

but the grounds of Harmony accounted

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A general furvey of the Arts and Sciences.

for; and both ancient and modern Mufic illustrated under a variety of articles; as, Diagram, Chord, Character, Scale, InT terval, Cleff, Bafs, Tenor, Treble, Genus, Chromatic, Enharmonic, Diato -nic, Gamut, Solfaing, Temperament, Tone, Note, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Octave, Diatella ron, Diapente, Diapafon, Allegro, Ane dante, Trumpet, Flute, Organ, Harpfi chord, Violin, &c. ©

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(27) ARTS, in general, might be referred to the imagination; but we chufe; rather to clafs them according to the various ufes they are intended to serve, as may be seen afterwards.

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(28) ANATOMY has the conftituent
parts of the human body for its object,
which the reader will find concifely and
diftinctly explained in their places; fuch
are, Head, Breaft, Thorax, Abdomen,
Arm, Leg, Artery, Vein, Nerve, Mufcle,
Bone, Gland, Heart, Stomach, Spleen,
Liver, Lungs, Gall, Blood, Chyle, Aor-
ta, Carotids, Subclavian, Spermatic, E,
pigastric, Vena Cava, Porta, Jugular,
Hand, Foot, Cartilage, Articulation, &c.
(29) MEDICINE has the health of
mankind for its object, and therefore is em
ployed either in preventing or curing the
many difeafes to which they are liable;
in treating of which we have only briefly
touched upon Etiology, Diagnostic and
Prognoftic Signs, in order to make room
for the Therapeutic part, or method of
cure, Many are the articles belonging to
this fubject, but the most confiderable are
thefe; Difeale, Symptom, Prognoftic,
Diagnostic, Pulle, Urine, Crifis, Regis
men, Fever, Agues, Gout, Rheumatifm,
Peripneumony, Pleurity, Apoplexy, Epi-,
leply, Palfy, Polypus, Palpitation of the
heart, Madness, Hydrophobia, Convul,

fions, Confumption, Scurvy, Droply, Co-
lic, Plague, Leprotys Diarrhoea, Dyfen-,
tery, Eryfipelas, .

(39), PHARMACY, an art fubfervient to
medicine, treats of the ufes and prepara-,
tions of all, medicinal Drugs, whether
fimple or compound, natural or artificial,
Thefe are of different kinds; as, Earths,
Salts, Sulphurs, Metals, Plants, Animal
Nubftances, Oils and are arranged
under different claffes, according to their
different qualities, and curative inten-
tions; as, Evacuants, Alteratives, A
fringents, Styptics, Cathartics, Emetics,
Emollients, Narcotics, Sudorifits, Dia
phoretics, Cardiacs, Vulneraries,
The Simples belonging to each of thefe

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vii

are defcribed with exactness, the Prepa-
rations explained, and the Virtues enuma
rated, as delivered in the heft difpenfa
tories and writers on the Materia Medi
ca. In order to be convinced of this, the
reader needs only confult the articles.
Auber, Ammoniac, Baijan, Scammony,
Aloes, Almonds, Cinnamon, Saffafras,
Jalap, Bole, Cinnabar, Rhubarb, Man
na, Guaiacum, Colocynth, Sena, Opium,
Mufk, Electuary, Extract, Tincture, Syrup,
Troche, Pill, Mithridate, Theriaca, Ge

(34) CHYMISTRY is an article fubfer-
vient indeed to medicine, but by no
means confined to that branch. It teaches
the methods of preparing the different
kinds of Salts, Oils, Amalgamas, Calxes,
Crocuses, Regulufes, Sublimates, Spirits,
c. ufed in medicine; alfo the finelting,
refining, and variously ordering of metals
for the common ufes of life; fo that to
Chymiftry may be referred the many ope
rations of Smithery, Coinage, Plumbery,
Foundery, c. To it likewife belong
the arts of making Glafs, Lime, Soap,
Pot-aihes, Malt, Beer, Wines, Vinegar,
Dying, Enameling, Etching, Tanning,
&c. Hence a multitude of extremely
ufeful articles; as, Calcination, Distilla-
tion, Sublimation, Rectification, Solu-
tion, Menftruum, Crystallization, Pre-
cipitation, Brewing, Fermentation, Cla-
rification, Amalgamation, Fluxes, Alkaheft,
Aqua Fortis, Aqua Regia, Furnace, Cru-
cible, Retort, Coppel, Muffle, &c.

(32) SURGERY, another art fubfer
vient to medicine, teaches the several ma
nual operations, as well as the treatment
of the various external accidents and dif-
orders to which mankind are subject;
hence, the articles Amputation, Cæfarian
fection. Cutting for the ftone, Phleboto-
my, Scarification, Incifion, Wound, Ul
cer, Abfcefs, Tumor, Aneurifin, Frac-
ture, Luxation, Cancer, Gangrene, Mor-
tification, Venereal difeafe, Piles, Ric
kets, Ruptures, &c.; alfo the inftru-
inents used for this purpose; as, Knives,
Lancets, Sciffars, Catheters, Bandages,
Trulles, Probes, Spatula, Needles, Ambe,
Tournequet, &c.

(33.34) COSMETICS and GYMNASTICS have the beauty and vigour of the body for their objects. Cofmetics imply the art of improving the complexion, and Gymnastics, of rendering the body robuft and active, by a course of proper exercises. Among the articles belonging to thefe fubjects may be reckoned, Dentifrices, Wathes, Creams, Salves, Cofmetical Wa

ters,

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