very minutely and exactly), and even to our own day. But these "testimonies to character" we may fairly pass by without notice.

The first feature which strikes the reader in the early history of Glasgow is the ecclesiastical nature of its beginnings. Before it was erected into a Royal burgh we read that, like Durham, it "heritably appertained" to the Bishops and Archbishops of Glasgow, whose broad lands were so extensive that they came to be called a "spiritual dukedom." The tradition has never become quite extinct; for down to the present hour, in spite of Presbyterianism, the Reformation, and the Great Rebellion, there is not one among the many handsome buildings of Glasgow in which the citizens take a morehonest and laudable pride than the Cathedral founded by St. Kentigern and dedicated to their tutelary saint, St. Mungo, which, as Dr. Gordon tells us, stands very near a spot once tenanted by the priests of the Druids. We are favoured with a full account of monastic legends regarding these two saints, but space would not allow of their reproduction here.

From Saints Mungo and Kentigern we are brought, by a long leap over four centuries and a half, to the year 1050, when a Bishop of Glasgow was consecrated by the Archbishop of York: from that date the order and succession of the Bishops is carefully and regularly recorded. So also are the stormy days of the Reformation, and that long series of troubles in which Scotland was involved through the ill-fated Mary Queen of Scots, and in which the citizens of Glasgow bore their part. To the account of the Reformation era is subjoined a chapter giving a history of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland during the last three centuries under "vicars apostolic," and also a general outline of the progress of Episcopacy, of the “Kirk," and of Presbyterianism. In these chapters the work is developed into a general history of Scotland, rather than a local chronicle of religious matters in Glasgow. The Memorabilia taken from the Borough Records and those of the Kirk Session are full of interesting and amusing matter of an antiquarian character: the following, for instance, will serve to show that the Presbyterian clergy of Glasgow in the year 1586 could wield the rod of discipline as well as those of the Roman obedience :

The Session enacted that the punishment for adultery should be to satisfy six Sabbaths at the pillar, barefoot and bare-legged, in sackcloth, and also be carted through the town.

The Session enacted that a man excommunicated for relapse in adultery, upon trial of his behaviour, is relaxed in manner following: He is to pass from his awelling-house to the Hie Kirk every Sunday at six in the morning at the first bell, conveyed by two of the Elders or Deacons, or any other two honest men,

and stand at the Kirk-door barefooted, with a white wand in his hand, and bareheaded, till after the reading of the text; and then in the same manner to repair to the pillar, till the sermon be ended, and then go out to the door again, till all pass from the Kirk; and after that be received.

Bernard Peebles, Vicar of Inchinnan, divorced a man and a woman by putting the man out of one Kirk door, and the woman out of another-which at that period was equal to a bill of divorce.

It is appointed that all the poor are to be marked with the town's mark that they have been within this town remaining and lodging for five years bypast. All that are marked to compare [i.e. appear] in the High Kirk at 10 hours next Sunday to hear prayers; and that none be suffered to beg on Sunday, but those that have licence to do so.

Again, in the following year a like discipline was extended to the single of either sex, as well as to the married; at all events we read:

1587. The Session appoints that . . . . servant-women for single fornication pay 20 lbs. for her (sic) relief from Cross and Steeple. The man-servant 30 lbs. or else be put in prison 8 days on bread and water, thereafter to be put in the Jugs. As for the richer sort of servants, to be exacted at the arbitrement of the Kirk. This Act shall not extend to honest men's sons and daughters, but they to be punished as the Kirk shall prescribe. Men-servants on release to pay 40 shillings, women 30 do., or else to be fed 15 days with bread and water, and to be put in a cart one day and ducked in the Clyde, and in the Jugs at the Market Cross on a Market Day, and the richer sort of servants fined higher.

We pass by a collection of these and like examples of ecclesiastical severity, and another long catalogue of offences against the laws which came under the cognisance of the magistrates. It is not a little strange, however, to find that while the "misfortunes" of maidservants were so heavily punished, the smotherers (or "snoozers" as they are called in the chronicles) of infant "bairns" are sentenced to no more severe penalty than "to make their repentance two Sundays in sackcloth, standing at the Kirk door." We pass also by some irrecting notices o John Knox Archbishop Leighton, Burnet, the "Saints" who suffered under the Reformed Episcopacy, and the Episcopal clergy, who in their turn fell under the hands of their Presbyterian successors; and we rise from the perusal fully persuaded o the truth of Byron's caustic lines :

Christians have burnt each other quite persuaded

That all th' Apostles would have done as they did.

The genera appearance of the city of Glasgow as it stood two centuries ago is faithfully rendered in the frontispiece to the first volume, which is a reproduction in fac simile of a scarce print published in 1685, and drawn by John Slezer, a native of Holland. It

shows the Cathedral, the Bridge, the Steeple of the Merchants' Hall, the Tron Church, the Tolbooth, and the College, all familiar objects to the traveller of the present century; but though the river is there, the shipping and the great mercantile palaces of more recent days. are wanting. Dr. Gordon next proceeds to give topographical accounts of most of the ancient houses, churches, &c.; and we are favoured with a picture (of the same date already mentioned) of "Glasgow from the Merchants' Park," which we are enabled, by the courtesy of Messrs. Tweed, to lay before our readers.

We wish that our space allowed us to enter into some detailed account of the old Bishop's Palace, or rather Castle, which rose so proudly hard by his Cathedral, in the proud days of Archbishop Cameron, but which, having for some time served the purpose of a prison, was demolished piecemeal some hundred years ago.

The Cathedral of Glasgow, the Prebendal Houses or "Manses attached to it, the Hospital of St. Nicholas and that of Rowland Blackader, St. Roche's Chapel, the "Lodgings of the Duke of Montrose," the Old Cross or Tron Stone,—now, alas! no more—the Convent of the Black Friars, the Monastery of the Grey Friars, the Old Tolbooth, its Steeple and its Chimes, the old "Justiciary Room," and the modern Court Rooms and Gaol, are next described seriatim: and the description is interleaved with a rich store of amusing anecdote and other antiquarian lore. Among the latter we may reckon the story of the Earl of Glencairn, and his marriage with the heiress of the fiddler Mr. William M'Crae, as perhaps the best, as showing the ways and manners of Scottish society, both high and low, in the middle of the last century. We would also draw attention to a series of amusing extracts from the marriage and baptismal registers of various churches in Glasgow, which are to be found on pp. 565-8.

The following anecdote we quote, as showing the strength of the prejudices against dramatic entertainments in general which the good citizens of Glasgow in the middle of the last century had inherited from their Puritan fathers :—

The first theatre in Glasgow (a wooden booth), in 1752, was placed against the wall of the Castle; but the popular aversion at that time was so strong that, to escape insult, ladies and dress parties had to be escorted to it by a military guard. In 1754 the famous George Whitfield, who happened to be preaching in the High Church Yard, in the heat of his fanatical declamation pointed to the shed and denounced it as the abode of the Devil; which was no sooner said than the erection was demolished by the mob.

In the second volume will be found a most complete and carefully written account of the University of Glasgow, and of the learned and

distinguished personages who from time to time have been educated within its walls; with Dr. Campbell's anecdotes of its members, its professors, its class and lecture rooms, and, in a word, the old college memories of those ancient buildings which have so recently given place to a more sumptuous and commodious edifice. Many of the

anecdotes which cluster round the names of Professors Ramsay, Lushington, and Blackburn will be thoroughly enjoyed, not only by members of Glasgow College, but by Oxford and Cambridge men. Take for instance the following account of the way in which the Greek chair was won a generation ago by Professor Lushington :

The story runs that there were two candidates of supreme ability and profound scholarship, Messrs. Lushington and Ramsay. Somehow or other (it is not explained how) the chair was to be decided by an examination of the candidates,

COLLEGE AND BLACKFRIARS.