ployed as a clerk, but devoted his
feisure to theological studies. In
1846 he was settled over the Uni-
versalist Church in Charlestown,
Mass. in 1848, over the Hollis
Street Church, Boston; and in 1860
he was called to California to pre-
side over a church in San Fran-
cisco. Here by his intrepid elo-
quence and his unsparing labors he
did much to awaken a wide-spread
opposition to the Confederate re-
bellion, and to save California to
the Union. But in the midst of his
heroic exertions he was stricken by
death. He died of diphtheria, March
4. 1864. See p. 379.
KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN, drama-
tist and author, was born at Cork,
Ireland, in 1794. His father was a
teacher of elocution, and James fol-
lowed the profession for some years
at Belfast. It was while thus em-
ployed that most of those dramas
on which his fame is built were
composed. He wrote Virginius,"
"William Tell," "The Hunch-
back," "The Wife," all of which
were among the most popular dra-
mas of the day, and still retain their
place upon the stage. Knowles
tried his fortune as an actor, but
in this sphere was not successful.
About the year 1836 he visited the
United States, and played at the
principal theatres. Returning home
he turned his attention from the
stage to theology and the pulpit.
He became a Baptist clergyman,
wrote theological works, and was
highly esteemed by the members
of the sect to which he attached
himself. He died 1863. Extract
from Alfred," 6, p. 49. Extract
from Virginius, 4, p. 52.
from Wm. Tell, p. 476.
KO'RAN, literally, the book; appropri-
ately, the Mahometan scriptures.
LABOULAYE, EDOUARD, was born in
France in 1811. He is the author
of a political history of the United
States, of some eloquent works
against slavery, and was the active
champion of the United States gov-
ernment during the Confederate
rebellion. See p. 128.

Extract

LAIGHTON, ALBERT, an American

poet of genuine taste and feeling,
was born in New Hampshire, about
the year 1825. See p. 214.
LANGUOR (lang'gwur).

LAS CASAS, a Spanish prelate, distin-

guished as a missionary and histo-
rian of South America, was born
1474, died 1566.

LEGION (le'j'un), a military force or
band; a great number.
LEGISLATIVE (lej'is-la-tiv).
LEIBNITZ (libe'nitz), an eminent Ger-
man philosopher, was born at Leip-
zig, 1646, died 1716.
LEONIDAS, king of Sparta, immortal-
ized himself by his glorious defense
of the pass of Thermopyla against
Xerxes, 480 B. C.

LIMN (lim), to draw.
LINGARD, DR. JOHN, the Catholic
historian of England, was born in
Winchester, England, 1771; died
1851, having refused a cardinal's
hat.

LIVY or LIVIUS, TITUS, an illustrious
Roman historian, was born at Pata-
vium (now Padua), 59 B. C., died
A. D. 18.

LOCHINVAR (lõk'-), p. 362.
LOCKHART. JOHN GIBSON, a Scottish
author, for many years editor of the
London Quarterly Review, was born
about the year 1790. He wrote the
Life of Sir Walter Scott, whose
daughter he had married. See p. 71.
LONGFELLOW, HENRY WADSWORTH,
an American poet, was born at
Portland, Maine, 1807, and gradu-
ated at Bowdoin College in 1825.
To qualify himself for the professor-
ship of modern languages, he trav
eled in Europe, returned in 1829,
and entered upon his official duties.
In 1835 he was invited to fill the
same post in Harvard University.
He again visited Europe, and re-
turning settled at Cambridge, where
he has since lived, but in 1854 re-
signed his professorship. By his
writings he has achieved a popu-
larity beyond that of any American
poet, not only in his own country
but in England, where his works
are found in all varieties of editions,
from the hot-pressed superbly illus-
trated drawing-room edition to the
shilling volume. Most of his poems
have an eclectic character, showing
his thorough acquaintance with
European literature, but there are
not a few which are purely na-
tional. His "Voices of the Night,"
"Evangeline," and "Golden Le-
gend," are among the best speci-
mens of his powers; but of his
minor poems his " Launching of
the Ship" is one of the most truth-

ful, picturesque, and well-con-
structed. See extracts from this
poem, pp. 67. 330; Seaweed, p. 349.
LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, distinguish-
ed as a poet and political writer, was
born in Boston, 1819. Early devot-
ed to the cause of freedom, he has
written much and well upon the sub-
ject. For two or three years he
edited the Atlantic Monthly." He
succeeded Longfellow in the profes-
sorship of modern languages in Har-
vard University, and subsequently
became one of the editors of the
"North American Review." In
poetry, had his range been more
limited, he would perhaps have at-
tained a higher reputation. His
verses give unmistakable evidence
of the possession of the "faculty di-
vine"; and the rare beauty of such
"She came and went,'
poems as
"A Day in June," etc., makes
us regret that he has not followed
out the sweet vein further. In genu-
ine poetical genius he is as yet un-
surpassed by any American bard.
LOWERING (lou'-), frowning.
LUCRECE or LUCRETIA, one of the

noblest names in Roman history,
having been dishonored by Sextus
Tarquinius, the king's eldest son,
stabbed herself with a poniard. Her
fate led to the expulsion of the Tar-
quins from Rome by Junius Brutus.
LUNT, WM. P., a clergyman, was born
in Newburyport, Massachusetts,
about the year 1807. He was set-
tled at Quincy. Massachusetts, but
visiting the Old World for his health,
died abroad. 1857.
LYTTON, SIR EDWARD BULWER, was
born in Norfolk, England. 1805. He
was the son of General Bulwer, but
changed his name to Lytton on
being raised to a baronetcy. Edu-
cated at Cambridge, he published
a volume of poems in 1826, and in
1828 put forth the novel of "Pel-
ham." A number of romances of
unequal merit followed from his pen,
among the best of which are My
Novel," ""The Caxtons," and "What
will he do with it?" He also wrote
two highly successful plays, "The
Lady of Lyons." and "Richelieu "
(reesh'loo). His most ambitious
poems are
"The New Timon" and
"King Arthur." In 1831 he entered
Parliament. In 1835 he published
"The Crisis," a political pam-
phlet which powerfully influenced

the elections, and won for him
a baronetcy. He has exhibited
throughout his career immense lit-
erary industry. Few writers of the
age have shown at once such fertility
and versatility in composition. Ex-
tracts from his latest work may be
found pp. 177, 386.

view."

MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON, was
born in Leicestershire, England,
1800, and educated at Trinity Col-
lege, Cambridge. Throughout his
entire university career he was not-
ed as an omnivorous devourer of
literature, fortunate in a memory
surprisingly retentive of words and
things. He was only twenty-five
when his brilliant essay on Milton
appeared in the " Edinburgh Re-
This was the starting-point
of his literary fame. In 1830 he
entered Parliament. In 1834 he
accepted a lucrative post in India,
but returned home in 1838. In 1847
he withdrew from political life, and
devoted himself to historical and
literary studies. In 1849 he com-
menced the publication of his ad-
mirable history of England, a work
which attained an instant and wide
popularity, both at home and in
America. He gives us such a pic-
ture of Old England in the days of
the Stuarts as no writer had ever
given us before. From novels, plays,
pictures, maps, poems, diaries, let-
ters, and a hundred other such
sources, he collected, with patient
industry, his materials. As a de-
scriptive poet, in his "Lays of An-
cient Rome." his "Battle of Ivry,"
&c., Macaulay has shown transcen-
dent genius. These lays have never
been surpassed by any poems of
their kind. In 1857 Macaulay was
raised to the peerage as a tribute to
his eminent literary merit. See
Thackeray's account of him, p. 351.
See also pp. 158, 266, 442.
MACE, originally a club of metal; now
an ensign of authority, frequently
borne before magistrates.
MACHINATION (mak-i-na′-).
MADDEN, DANIEL O., an English bar.

rister, editor of the select speeches
of Henry Grattan. See p. 277.
MANUFACTURER (-yur-er).
MARIUS, CAIUS, one of the greatest

soldiers and dictators of the Roman
republic, was born about 157 B. C.
In 101 he obtained a great victory
over the Cimbri, and was hailed

the third founder of Rome." He'
was the avowed chief of the plebeian
party.

MARSEILLES (mär-sālz).

MARSHALED or MARSHALLed.
MARS, in the solar system the fourth
planet in the order of distance from
the sun. A ruddy, fiery color char-
acterizes its light.

MARSTON. The battle of Marston
Moor, England, in which Cromwell
defeated the royalists under Prince
Rupert, took place July 3, 1644.
MARVELOUS or MARVELLOUS.
MAUSOLEUM (mau-so-le'uin).
MI'DAS, a king of ancient Phrygia, of
whom it is fabled that everything
he touched turned to gold.
MIGNONETTE (min-yun-et').
MILTON, JOHN, the second great poet
of England, was born in London,
Dec. 9, 1608, and educated at
Christ's College, Cambridge. He
has himself related that the love of
letters was deeply rooted before he
was twelve years old. He studied
languages, ancient and modern, de-
lighted especially in poetical read-
ing, and cultivated music. In 1637
he visited Italy, and made the ac-
quaintance of Galileo. He returned
home to devote himself to the cause
of movement and of freedom. The
next twenty years were the times
of the Civil War, the Common-
wealth, and the Protectorate. Dur-
ing this stormy period the poet's
lyre was mute; but his political and
controversial writings made him
renowned over Europe. He was a
zealous republican; and his eccle-
siastical opinions, adverse to epis-
copacy from his youth, were ma
tured by the conflict around him
till he attached himself to the In-
dependents. His literary services
procured him, in 1649, the office of
Latin secretary to the council of
state under Cromwell; but in 1652
he had become totally blind. The
distractions that followed the death
of Cromwell were finally terminated
by the restoration of the profligate
King Charles II. And now the
poet, blind yet bold, sat down in
poverty, affliction, and obscurity,
to work out the immortality which
had been the object of his earliest
aspirations. His later years were
employed in the composition of
Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained;
Samson Agonistes; and in the re-
publication of his minor poems,
22 *

among which are some noble son-
nets. His life was pure and spirit-
ual; his sympathies and best efforts
were freely given to all the noblest
interests of humanity; he acted
from his youth "as under his great
Taskmaster's eye." He hated every
form of oppression, was the elo-
quent advocate of the freedom of
the press, and the consistent cham-
pion of human rights. His poetry,
in its diction and its sentiments,
reaches the highest flights of sub-
limity and power. Milton died in
1674. A tomb was erected to his
memory in Westminster Abbey, in
1737. See pp. 55, 136, 232, 238,
416, 430.

MINE. When this word (says Smart)
is used adjectively before a word
beginning with a vowel or h mute,
as in saying "On mine honor," the
absence of accentual force will per-
mit the shortening of the sound into
min.

MIRABEAU (mir'ră-bo), Honore Ga-
briel Raquetti, Comte de, the great-
est orator of France, was born of a
noble family at Bignon, near Ne-
mours, 1749. At the commence-
ment of the national troubles in
1789, being rejected by his own
order, the noblesse, as a deputy, he
threw himself into the arms of the
popular party and was elected. He
was a man of splendid genius, but
in the early part of his life licen-
tious and unprincipled. It is prob-
able, however, that his patriotism
was sincere, and that he meant the
honor and welfare of France.
died suddenly, April 2, 1791. See
pp. 40, 41, 397.
MIRAGE (me-räzh').
MIS-E-RE'RE, the name of a Latin
chant, beginning Miserere me'i,
Dom'i-ne, Have mercy on me, O
Lord.

Ho

of volunteers. He showed great | celerity and energy in all his iniltary operations. Sent to South Carolina, in 1862, he died there, Oct. 30th of that year, regretted by the whole loyal people of the United States, who confided in his unconditional patriotism, and had formed high hopes of his military skill. See pp. 251, 483. MITFORD, MARY RUSSELL, born in Hampshire, England, in 1786, died 1855. She wrote Our Village," a series of charming sketches of rural life; also the successful tragedy of "Rienzi," from which see an extract. 7, p. 50.

MOLECULE (mol'c-kule). MOORE, THOMAS, celebrated as a song-writer, was born in Dublin, 1779. The works for which he is chiefly remembered are his "Irish Melodies," exquisite specimens of polished and most musical verse; and his " Lalla Rookh" (Tulipcheek), a glittering picture of Eastern life and scenery. He has also written lives of Sheridan and Byron. See p. 422.

MOULD or MOLD (Webster). MOULDER OF MOLDER. MOZART, JOHANN WOLFGANG, the great musical genius of his age, was born in Salzburg, in Austria, 1756; died 1792, before he had reached his 36th year. His works are in all styles of musical art, and all great.

MUSEUM (mu-ze'um). MY. They in this word when used without emphasis, takes its regular short sound, as "I took down my hat"; "my lords and gentlemen," &c.

NAPOLEON, LOUIS (loo') BONAPARTE, proclaimed Emperor of the French, 1852, is a nephew of the great Napoleon, and was born in Paris, April 20, 1808. NATURE (nate'yur).

NE'ER (nare), a contraction of never. NEITHER (ne'thur or i'thur; the former is the preferred mode). NEWMAN, REV. JOHN HENRY, D. D., was born in London, 1801, and educated at Oxford. In 1845 he was admitted into the Catholic Church, and, in 1852, became Principal of the Catholic university in Dublin. See p. 229.

NICHOL, J. P., LL. D., Professor of Astronomy in the University of Glas

gow, was born in Montrose, Scot

land, 1804. He lectured in the United States some years since, and has written much and well on his favorite science.

NILE. The battle of the Nile between the British and French fleets, in which the former, under Nelson, were victorious, took place August 1, 1798.

NINE. By "the nine is meant, in ancient poetry, the nine Muses. personifications imagined to preside over poetry, science,the fine arts, &c. NI'O-BE, in ancient mythology, a queen of Thebes, who, proud of her numerous offspring, provoked the anger of Apollo and Diana, who slew them all. She was changed into a rock from which a rivulet, fed by her tears, continually flows. NONE (nŭn).

NORTON, CAROLINE E. S., the second daughter of Thomas, and the granddaughter of the celebrated R. B. Sheridan, was born in London, about 1812. Her marriage with Mr. Norton was not a happy one. She has published two volumes of poetry,

The Sorrows of Rosalie." and the "Undying One." Some of her shorter pieces show genuine poetical ability and exquisite taste in expression. See p. 462. NOTHING (nuth'ing).

Nu'BI-A, the name of countries on and around the valley of the Nile. NYMPH (nimf).

OB'DU-RATE or OB-DU'RATE.
O-BE DI-ENCE.

OBEISANCE (-bā'- or -bē′-).
OBLIGE (o-blīje').

Optous (o'di-us or ōd'yus).
OFFENSE OF OFFENCE.
OLIGARCHY (ol'e-gark'y), a govern-
ment by an exclusive few.
O-LYM'PI-AN, pertaining to Olympus,
in Greek mythology, the chief seat
of the gods of whom Jupiter was
the principal.

ORMUS, an island in the Persian Gulf, once the emporium of all the riches of India.

OSSA, one of the highest mountains of Greece, connected with Pelion on the southeast. It is mentioned by Homer in the legend of the war of the giants.

OS'SIAN, the name of a supposed Scottish bard, who lived in the third century. His productions were first given to the world in an English version by James M'Pherson, in 1760, with the assurance that these

were translations made by himself
from ancient Erse manuscripts.
There was a long controversy as to
the genuineness of these poems,
which was finally settled by the
decision of the Highland Society,
in 1805, that they had not been able
to obtain any one poem the same
in title and tenor with the poems of
Ossian. Wordsworth says of them:
Having had the good fortune to
be born and reared in a mountain-
ous country, from my very child-
hood I have felt the falsehood of
the volumes imposed upon the world
under the name of Ossian. From
what I saw with my own eyes I
knew that the imagery was spuri-
ous.' See an extract from Ossian,
p. 65.

66

OUNCE, a carnivorous quadruped, a
native of India.
PAGEANT (paj'- or pā'-).
PARCELED or PARCELLED.
PARENT (pare'rent).

PARLIAMENT (pur'li-ment).
PARTHE-NON, the celebrated Gre-
cian temple of Minerva in ancient
Athens.

PARTHIAN. See p. 339.
PASCAL, BLASE, a native of Clermont,
in France, was born June 19, 1623.
As a boy he exhibited an astonish-
ing geuius for mathematics; but his
intellect in other departments of
thought was equally colossal. Re-
nouncing the positive sciences for
theology, he wrote works which
show wonderful mental activity and
power. He died young, in 1662.
PATRIOT (pa'tri-ot or pat'ri-ot).
PEEL, SIR ROBERT, an eminent Eng-
lish statesman, was born in Lan-
cashire. 1788. He studied at Oxford,
entered Parliament at twenty-one
years of age, became prime minister
in 1841, and died of a fall from a
horse, 1859.

PEGASUS, in Greek mythology, a
winged horse, regarded as the horse
of the Muses, and as having pro-
duced by a stroke of his hoof the
inspiring fountain Hippocrene.
PERCIVAL, JAMES GATES. an Ameri-

can poet, was born in Berlin, Conn.,
Sept. 15, 1795, and died at Haze
Green, Wisconsin, 1857. He grad-
uated at Yale College, in 1815, stud-
ied medicine, and in 1820 published
a volume of poetry. He was dis-
tinguished as a linguist; and in geog-
raphy, botany, and natural history
was an accomplished scholar. His

poetry, though exhibiting fine pow-
ers, was never a source of profit to
himi. In 1854 he was appointed
State Geologist of Wisconsin. He
was a man of rather eccentric habits,
fond of seclusion, studious, and ir-
reproachable in all his dealings. See
p. 426.

PEREMPTORY (pèr'em-tor-e).
PETRARCH (pe'trark) or PETRARCA,
FRANCESCO, one of the greatest
Italian poets, was born in Tuscany,
1304, died 1374. Much of his poetry
consists of sonnets, to which he gave
an admirable polish of diction and
melody.

PHALANX (fal'angks or fa'-).
PHARAOH (fa'ro or fare'o).
PHILIPPIC. See Demosthenes.
PHILISTINE (fil-is'tin).
PHIL-O-ME'LA, in ancient Grecian
story, a king's daughter who was
metamorphosed into a nightingale.
PICTURE (pikt'yur).
PLACABLE (pla- or plăc'-).
PLA'TO, the great Greek philosopher,
was born at Athens, about 430 B.
C.; died in his 80th year. His is
still the greatest name in speculative
philosophy, as Shakespeare's is in
poetry. He taught the immortality
of the soul and the beauty of good-

ness.

PLOW or PLOUGH.
PLUTUS, in ancient mythology, the
personification of wealth. Jupiter
is said to have deprived him of
sight, that he might bestow his gifts
blindly, not favoring the deserving.
POE, EDGAR A., was born in Balti-
more, 1811. His parents belonged
to the theatrical profession, and he
was left an orphan at an early age.
He was adopted by John Allan, a
wealthy Virginian, and taken to
England; but in his 11th year he
returned and entered the University
at Charlottesville. Being expelled
from the college, and getting into a
quarrel with his benefactor, he went
abroad and passed a year in Europe.
At St. Petersburg he got into some
difficulty and sought relief from the
American minister, Mr. Middleton,
who provided for him the means of
returning home. Mr. Allan now got
for him an entrance as a cadet at
West Point, but Poe threw away
this like other opportunities, and
left before he had been in the place
a year. Being now thrown on his
own resources, he tried literature,
and became editor of the Southern