plants of the Perle des Jardins rose, part of which were grown in clay soil and part of them in a black loam, in which plants grown in the latter soil were superior to those of the former. In order to secure more data on this point some of the Kaiserin roses were also grown in the black loam during the season of 1898. While the results of the two experiments do not coincide exactly, it has TABLE XX. Comparison of product from clay and black loam soils for 1896, '97, '98. been thought best to present the data and thus give the reader an opportunity to judge for himself in regard to the relative merits As has been said, the results of the experiments with black and clay loams in growing Perle des Jardins and Kaiserin roses, do not agree. For example the unfertilized or control plants show an increase of 60 per cent in favor of the black loam the first season, and a little over 15 per cent the second. Comparing these figures with those obtained the third season, we find that instead of having an increase in favor of the black loam plants there is a decrease of 7.62 per cent or an increase for those in clay loam of over 8 per cent. This seeming discrepancy cannot be attributed to the soil or watering, for all received uniform treatment. The only tenable theory by which the contradictory results may be answered, is in the assumption that the black loam is better adapted to the Perle than to the Kaiserin rose, an assumption which is corroborated by actual observation on the growth of these plants, side by side in the same ground outside. Practically the same results were obtained in the use of the chemical fertilizers. The increased yield being noticeably greater with the Perles in the black than in the clay loam and vice versa with the Kaiserin roses. A promising feature of the experiment is the comparatively large increase in rose production from the plants receiving an unusually large amount of raw bone meal. The increase in this case over those receiving a maximum amount was over 24 per cent. The value of this part of the experiment lies not so much in the actual value. of the gain, as it does in that it illustrates the fact that large amounts of phosphoric acid in the form of raw bone meal, amounts far in excess of the actual requirements of the plants, may be applied to the soil previous to setting the plants, and this too without in any way endangering the vitality of the plants. The amount applied in the case just mentioned, 61.643 grams, per pot, is equal to about 2 1-3 pounds per sq. yd. .41.095 grams 6 oz. per sq. yd. 8 oz. per sq. yd. 8 oz. per sq. yd. The maximum amounts of raw bone meal, nitrate of soda and the muriate and sulphate of potash applied to the Kaiserin roses, estimated to the square yard, were approximately as follows: Raw bone meal.... 2 lbs. 6 oz. per sq. yd. Nitrate of soda (com.).... Muriate of potash (com.).. Sulphate of potash (c. p.).. Sulphate of potash (com.). The raw bone meal used in the experiment was obtained of the Empire Carbon Works, St. Louis, Mo., and is listed by them at $25.00 per ton. The other ingredients used were obtained from various sources. 9 oz. per sq. yd. SUMMARY. There is every reason to believe from the results obtained in the several experiments enumerated, that chemical fertilizers when properly used may be made to serve every need of the rose plant so far as food is concerned. The use of raw bone meal in every instance gave an increased yield over that of the control plants, as well as giving a greater percentage of gain than did those receiving other forms of phosphoric acid. Pure bone meal is not injurious to rose plants, even when applied in amounts largely in excess of the requirements of the plant. The acidulated bone meal which has been used by florists and supposed to be harmful, did not produce any noticeable injury, even when used in large amounts. As a rule, a combination of phosphoric acid and nitrate of soda gave better results than one of phosphoric acid and muriate of potash. Two or three applications of potash during the season was found to be preferable to a single application, although in some instances no injury from the single application was apparent. A larger number of Perle roses were produced from plants grown in a black than in a clay loam, while the Kaiserin gave reverse results. The sub-watering method proved an efficient means of supplying the plants with moisture. Insects. The only insects that were at all troublesome to the roses were thrips. These mites infested the young buds, being found safely ensconced between the unfolded petals of the flower. Their presence could always be detected in the opening of the bud, by the brownish discoloration of the injured petals. When the thrips were present in large numbers this injury was sufficient to cause the petals to adhere to each other and thus prevent the bud from expanding. During the first season they affected the plants but little, while in the succeeding two seasons they were present in large numbers on two or three separate occasions. Generally these visitations occurred during a long period of hot, dry weather. It must be remembered that the plants were in the open air most of the time, and at all times were subject to the prevailing atmospheric conditions. Insecticides. Frequent spraying of the plants with a weak solution of Rose Leaf Extract of Tobacco, one part of the extract to 75 parts of water, proved efficacious. The spraying was done in the evening, and followed up in the morning by a hard syringing with water. Three or four applications were generally sufficient to destroy or drive away the thrips. THE MAMMARY GLAND. By A. W. Bitting, D. V. M. The mammary glands are accessory organs of generation for the purpose of supplying nutrition to the young from birth unti they attain sufficient development to subsist on food independent of the mother. They are the characteristic organs of all mammals (animals that suckle their young). They differ in number. size, position and minor characters in the different species, but their function is the same-the secretion of milk. In a wild state the glands secrete only what is needed for the offspring and continue their function for a variable time, until the young can subsist alone. The secretion from this gland is very nutritious and easily digestible. For this reason constant efforts have been made in domesticating animals to secure an increase in the quantity of milk, that it might be used as a food for people. How successful these efforts have been is attested by the numerous breeds of cattle noted for the quantity and quality of the milk which they produce. The efforts at improvement have been attended by wonderful success in increased production and in lengthening the period of lactation, but there has not been a corresponding improvement in quality. The mammary glands are true skin glands, and are to be regarded as comparable in their development to the sebaceous (oil) and sweat glands. By some they are regarded as modifications of the oil glands. The claim of relationship is based upon the fact that the secretions are much alike in that they are both rich in fatty and albuminous material. Others regard the mammary glands as modifications of the sweat glands. This resemblance is based upon their structural characters. The alveoli of the mammary glands have only a single layer of epithelial cells, a characteristic of the sweat glands. Haidenhain has shown that there is no fatty metamorphosis of the central cells in the milk glands, as in the case of the sebaceous glands, which shows that they do not agree in their physiological method of forming the fats. The weight of argument therefore seems to show that the gland is more closely related to the sweat glands than to the sebaceous glands. 4 The evolution of the mammary gland as shown by a study of the different forms of mammalia, is of considerable interest, but only types can be cited here. In a very low form, Ornythorynchus, 4 Herman's Physiologie, Bd. V., pp. 380. An antero-postero section of an udder showing injection of the fore and hind quarters with different colored mass. This brings out the distinct line of separation and also the difference in shape of the quarters. This udder shows a large amount of glandular tissue and small but numerous milk cisterns |