The Religious Teachers of Greece

the most earnest pains to weigh conflicting views, and to form his own judgment by a careful study of all materials that he could collect. One of his last acts was to choose the motto from Xenophanes prefixed to the Lectures.

I wish to acknowledge, with the deepest gratitude, the help given to me, in the correction of the proofs or the preparation of the Memoir, by the Master of Emmanuel, Mr. P. Giles, Mr. L. Whibley, and Mr. T. R. Glover. Mr. Giles was good enough, in addition, to verify references in books to which I had not access. Most sincere thanks are also due to those friends who have entrusted me with letters, or sent notes concerning my husband's life and work.

A. M. A.

CAMBRIDGE, March 1908.

CONTENTS

LECTURE I

THE PLACE OF POETRY AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEVELOPMENT

OF GREEK RELIGIOUS THOUGHT

Introduction-The feud between Greek philosophy and Greek poetry

-Its causes to be sought in differences about religion-Evidence

in support of this statement-Philosophy seldom just to her

rival-Homer along with Hesiod represents the "orthodox"

Greek conception of the divine nature-In what sense these

two poets are the "makers" of the Greek theogony-The poet

as a teacher in ancient Greece-Use of poetry in Greek educa-

tion-Homer sometimes regarded as an encyclopædia of human

knowledge-Allegorical interpretation of Homer-Later history

of this method-Practical effect of the poetical theology on

Greek life-Two main streams of development in Greek re-

ligious thought, the poetical and the philosophical—Plan and

scope of the inquiry.

Religion and theology of Homer-" All men have need of Gods "-
The divine omnipresence - Homeric polytheism - Fate in
Homer The position of Zeus-Homer's anthropomorphism-
Inherent dualism of the Homeric theology shown first in the
physical, secondly in the mental, and thirdly in the moral
attributes of the Gods-Tendency to spiritualise Zeus-Are the
Homeric Gods omnipotent and omniscient?--Homer's incon-
sistency on this subject-Moral qualities of the Homeric Gods
-Here the vein of idealism is much less prominent-God in
Homer the cause of evil to men-Envy of the Gods-Quem deus
rult perdere, prius dementat-The Gods deceive mankind-Yet

are the givers of good and the guardians of justice-Was Homer

conscious of the antagonistic elements in his theology?—The

Homeric view of sacrifice and prayer-The conception of sin in

Homer-Infatuation-Influence of circumstances on character

-Responsibility for sin-Punishment of sin-Atonement-

Homer's psychology-What does Homer mean by "self"?-He

means the body rather than the soul-Death the separation of

the soul from the body-The disembodied soul a phantom of

the living man-Homer's view of immortality and the future

world-Islands of the blest-Pathos of the Homeric view of life

-Nobility of the Homeric man

PAGE

21-67

LECTURE IV

FROM HESIOD TO BACCHYLIDES

The Hesiodic poems-Progress in the Theogony from anarchy to law

-Successive dynasties of Gods-Traces of a still higher Power-

The Gods hardly as yet conceived as moral beings-The Works

and Days-Attributes of Zeus-The divine justice-The

Hesiodic doctrine of daemons-Justice, in Hesiod, rewards

virtue, and is not merely the punisher of sin-Sacrifice and

prayer-The moral law-Requite evil for evil, good for good—

The five ages of the world-Hints of a golden age hereafter-

Pessimism of Hesiod-The origin of evil-Immortality in

Hesiod-The duty and dignity of labour-Remarks on the

Homeric Hymns-Hope of immortality through initiation in

the mysteries-Lyric and elegiac poetry-The inferior Gods

more and more overshadowed by Zeus-Fate generally identi

fied with the ordinance of Zeus-Religious interpretation of

Destiny-Man's dependence on the Gods-Can man by search.

ing find out God ?-Righteousness of Zeus-Sins of the fathers

visited upon the children-Hebrew parallels to the perplexity

of Theognis about this and similar difficulties-Anticipations

in gnomic poetry of the moral and religious doctrine of Greek

drama-The morality of the Gods higher than in Homer-Other

noteworthy features-Greek melancholy-The future life.

68-91

LECTURE V

ORPHIC RELIGIOUS IDEAS

The Orphic religious, revival in the sixth century--Centres of Orphic
teaching-Organisation of the brotherhoods-Authorities for
early Orphism-Pantheistic character of Orphic theology-The

body as the soul's prison-house or grave-Celestial origin of

the soul-Fall of the soul through sin-The "wheel" or "circle

of generation "-Transmigration-"Purity " and "purification'

in Orphism-Purity to be attained by a particular way of life,

and by religious rites and ceremonies-The "Orphic life"-Rules

of abstinence-Ritual of Orphism-Plato's condemnation of

Orphic religious practices-Orphic eschatology-The inter-

mediate state-Reincarnation-No absorption of the individual

-Orphic pictures of heaven-The "restoration of all things"—

Contrast between Orphism and the Homeric religion in regard

to their doctrines of immortality, sin, and the relation of the

human to the divine-Deification in Orphism-Intellectualisa-