their escape, clung to their savage acquaintances at parting, and continued many days in bitter lamentations, even refusing sustenance.

The following paragraph from the speech of the Shawanese chief, on delivering his prisoners, is a strong proof of what is before observed, concerning their tenderness and affection for the captives whom they have preserved :

“Father, says he to the English, we have brought your flesh and blood to you; they have all been united to us by adoption, and although we now deliver them up to you, we will always look upon them as our relations, whenever the Great Spirit is pleased that we may visit them. We have taken as much care of them as if they were our own flesh and blood. They are now become unacquainted with your customs and manners, and therefore we request you will use them tenderly and kindly, which will induce them to live contentedly with you." (1)

Business now having been closed with the Indians, the army commenced its march on the eighteenth of November, for Fort Pitt, and arrived there on the twenty-eighth.

A few days afterwards, Colonel Bouquet proceeded to Philadelphia, and from thence returned to England.*

(1) Annual Register, 1764.

* Henry Bouquet was born at Rolle, in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland. In 1736, being then about seventeen years of age, he was received as a cadet in the regiment of Constance, in the service of L. L. H. H. P. P., and in 1738, he obtained an Ensigncy in the same regiment. From thence he passed into that of Roquin, in the service of the King of Sardinia, and distinguished himself first, as 1st Lieutenant, and afterwards as Adjutant, in the skilful and memorable wars which that great prince sustained against the combined forces of France and Spain. In 1748, having previously distinguished himself, he entered, in the quality of Captain Commandant, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, in the regiment of Swiss Guards, recently formed at the Hague; and soon after, he was selected to go with the Generals Burmannia and Cornable, to receive from the French the fortresses in the low country, which they were bound to give up, and to conduct the return of the prisoners of war which France gave up to the Republic, in conformity with the treaty of AixLa-Chapell.

In 1754, when the war broke out between France and England, he was solicited to serve as an officer in America; be consented. Having arrived in America, his integrity and ability soon secured to him great confidence, espe cially in Pennsylvania and Virginia. Respected by the troops, confided in by all who had a share in the interior government of the provinces; esteemed and beloved by all, he had but to ask, and he obtained all that it was possible to afford him, because it was believed that he had asked for nothing but what was necessary and proper, and all that would be faithfully employed in the service of the King and of the provinces. This good understanding between the civil and military authorities, contributed as much to his successes, as his ability.

Immediately after the peace was concluded with the Indians, the King made him Brigadier General and Commandant of the troops in all the southern colonies of British America. He died in Pensacola, 1767, lamented by his friends, and regretted universally.-Hutchins' Historical Account of Bouquet's Expedition.

In the ensuing spring, when the ninth of May, the time designated for holding the council for ratifying the treaty of peace, arrived, ten chiefs and about fifty warriors, accompanied by a large body of the Delaware, Seneca, Sandusky, and Muncy tribes, made their appearance at Fort Pitt, for the faithful fulfilment of their promises. They brought with them all the prisoners except a few, who they said were absent with their hunting parties-such as probably preferred a savage life.

The Shawanese now, as well as the other nations, expressed their entire satisfaction at the treaty of peace. Their tone was completely changed, and they seemed indeed rejoiced in perfectly brightening "the chain of friendship." Peace was ratified, and the Indians returned to their homes in the wilderness; and the deserted hearth stones of the white inhabitants, upon the frontiers, were again revisited, and the wave of population began to move on westward.

Thus closed the memorable Kiyashuta and Pontiac war-one of shor duration, but nevertheless, productive of more distracting disquietude, and serious injury to the frontier settlements, than had been experienced during years of previous hostility. The peace that now ensued lasted until a short time prior to the revolution, and gave confidence and security to the pioneers of the west. It was during this period of quietude that emigration to the valley west of the Alleghenies, was permanently commenced,-when the foundations were laid of great and powerful States, now holding a controlling influence in the American Union.

CHAPTER X.

LORD DUNMORE'S WAR OF 1774-THE CAUSES THAT LED TO IT-MURDER OF LO GAN'S FAMILY, BALD EAGLE AND OTHERS COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES— LEWIS'S EXPEDITION-THE BATTLE AT POINT PLEASANT-DUNMORE'S TREATY-HEROISM OF CORNSTALK-CHARACTER OF LEWIS-VOTE OF THANKS TO LORD DUNMORE-REMARKS.

We now come to the Indian war usually called "Lord Dunmore's War of 1774."

After Colonel Bouquet's Expedition in 1764, when he made a treaty with the Indians, and after the conclusion of the Indian War by the treaty made with the chiefs, by Sir William Johnson, at the German Flats on the Mohawk river, N. Y., towards the close of 1764, the western settlements in Pennsylvania and Virginia enjoyed peace, and all things wore an inviting aspect, until the spring of 1774, when forebodings of a sanguinary conflict presented themselves;-a renewal of hostilities commenced, which, it must be conceded was occasioned by

the whites themselves. Several murders were committed by the whites upon the Indians,(1) under seemingly justifying pretexts.

(1) Appendix, 203, 212, 214, 217.

John Ryan

* Extract of a letter dated at Redstone, October, 1774. "It will not be improper to investigate the cause of the Indian war which broke out in the spring, before I give you a sketch of the history of the expedition which his Excellency Lord Dunmore, has carried on successfully against the Shawanese, one of the richest, proudest, and bravest of the Indian nations. In order to do this, it is necessary to look back as far as the year 1764, when Colonel Bouquet made peace with that nation. The Shawanese never complied with the terms of that peace; they did not deliver up the white prisoners; there was no lasting impression made upon them by a stroke from the troops employed against them that campaign; and they barely acquiesced in some articles of the treaty by command of the Six Nations. The RED HAWK, a Shawanese chief, insulted Colonel Bouquet with impunity; and an Indian killed the Colonel's foot-man the day after the peace was made.This murder not being taken notice of, gave rise to several daring outrages committed immediately after.

In the year following, several murders were committed by the Indians on New river; and soon after, several men employed in the service of Wharton and Company, were killed on their passage to Illinois, and the goods belonging to the company carried off. Sometime after this outrage, a number of men employed to kill meat for the garrison of Fort Chartres, were killed, and their rifles, blankets, &c., carried to the Indian towns. These repeated hostilities and outrages being committed with impunity, made the Indians bold and daring. Although it was not the Shawanese alone that committed all these hostilities, yet, letting one nation pass with impunity, when mischief is done, inspires the rest of the tribes with courage; so that the officers commanding his Majesty's troops on the Ohio, at that time, not having power or spirit to pursue the Indians, nor address to reclaim them, mischief became familiar to them; they were sure to kill and plunder whenever it was in their power, and indeed they panted for an opportunity.

It is probable you will see Lord Dunmore's speech to some chiefs of the Six Nations, who waited on his Lordship; it mentions the particular murders and outrages committed by them every year successively, since they pretended to make peace with Colonel Bouquet. The most recent murders committed by the Indians before the white people began to retaliate, were that of Captain Russell's son, three more white men, and two of his negroes, on the fifteenth of October, 1773; that of a Dutch family on the Kenhawa, in June of the same year; and one Richard, in July following; and that of Mr. Hogg and three white men, on the Great Kenhawa, early in April 1774. Things being in this situation, a message was sent to the Shawanese, inviting them to a conference, in order to bury the tomahawk and brighten the chain of friendship. They fired upon the messengers, and it was with difficulty they escaped with their lives. Immediately on their return, letters were written by some gentlemen at Fort Pitt, and dispersed among the inhabitants on the Ohio, assuring them that a war with the Shawanese was unavoidable, and desiring them to be on their guard, as it was uncertain where the Indians would strike first. In the mean time, two men, of the names of Greathouse and Baker, sold some rum near the mouth of Yellow creek, and with them some Indians got drunk, and were killed. Lord Dunmore has ordered that the manner of their being Killed be enquired into. Many officers and other adventurers who were down the Obio, in order to explore the country and have lands surveyed, upon receiving the above intelligence, and seeing the letters from the gentlemen at Fort Pitt, thought proper to return. Captain Michael Cresap was one of these gentlemen. On their return to the river, they fell in with a party of Indians, and being apprehensive that the Indians were preparing to attack them, as appeared by their manoeuvers, the white people being the smallest number, thought it advisable to have the advantage of the first fire, whereupon they engaged; and after exchanging a few shots, killed two or three of the Indians and dispersed the rest; hostilities being then commenced on both sides, the

killed three Indians, on the Ohio, Monongahela and Cheat rivers. Several were killed at South Branch, while on a friendly visit to that country. This was done by two associates, Henry Judah and Nicholas Harpold. Logan's family, the decided friend to the English, and others, were selected as objects upon whom the sworn enemies of the savages wreaked their vengeance. The instances of injustice done to these children of the forest, were numerous. Among many such at that time, was also the murder of Bald Eagle, an Indian of notoriety, not only among his own nation, but also with the inhabitants of the frontier, with whom he was in the habit of associating and hunting. In one of his visits among them, he was discovered alone and murdered, solely to gratify a most wanton thirst for Indian blood. After the commission of this most outrageous enormity, he was seated in the stern of a canoe, and with a piece of corn-cake thrust into his mouth, set afloat on the Monongahela. In this situation he was seen descending the river by several, who supposed him to be as usual, returning from a friendly hunt with the whites in the upper settlements, and who expressed some astonishment that he did not stop to see them. The canoe floating near to the shore, below the mouth of George's creek, was observed by a Mrs. Province, who had it brought to the bank, and the friendly, but unfortunate old Indian, decently buried.

"Not long after the murder of Bald Eagle, another outrage of a similar nature was committed on a peaceful Indian, for which the person was apprehended and taken to Winchester for trial. But the fury of the populace did not suffer him to remain there awaiting that event.— The prison doors were forced, the irons knocked off and he again set at liberty.

But a still more atrocious act is said to have been soon after perpetrated. Until then, the murders committed were only such as were found within the limits of white settlements, and on men and warriors. In 1772, there is every reason to believe, that women and children likewise became victims to the exasperated feelings of our own citizens; and this too, while quietly enjoying the comforts of their own huts, in their own village.

There was at that time an Indian town on the little Kenhawa, called Bulltown, inhabited by five families, who were in habits of social and friendly intercourse with the whites on Buchanan and on Hacker's creek; frequently visiting and hunting with them. There was likewise residing on Gauley river, the family of a German by the name of Stroud. In the summer of that year, Mr. Stroud being from home, his family

were all murdered, his house plundered, and his cattle driven off. The trail made by these leading in the direction of Bulltown, induced the supposition that the Indians of that village had been the authors of the outrage, and caused several to resolve on avenging it upon them.

A party of five men, two of whom were William White and William Hacker, who had been concerned in previous murders, expressed a determination to proceed immediately to Bulltown. The remon strance of the settlement generally, could not operate to effect a change in that determination. They went; and on their return, circumstances justified the belief that the pre-apprehension of those who knew the temper and feelings of White and Hacker, had been well founded; and that there had been some fighting between them and the Indians. And notwithstanding that they denied ever having seen an Indian in their absence, yet it was the prevailing opinion, that they had destroyed all the men, women and children at Bulltown, and threw their bodies into the river. Indeed, one of the party is said to have, inadvertantly, used expressions confirmatory of this opinion; and to have then justified the deed, by saying that the clothes and other things known to have belonged to Stroud's family, (1) were found in the possession of the Indians. The village was soon after visited, and found entirely desolaten, and nothing being ever after heard of its former inhabitants, there can remain no doubt but that the murder of Stroud's family was requited on them." (2)

"The destructive war, that broke out in 1774, and threw the whole frontier into consternation, was provoked by the misconduct of the whites. In the spring of that year, a rumor was circulated that the Indians had stolen several horses from some land speculators, who were exploring the shores of the Ohio and Kenhawa rivers. No evidence of the fact was produced, and the report has since been considered to have been false. It was, however, believed at the time, and produced a general impression that the Indians were about to take up the hatchet against the frontier settlements. The land jobbers ascended the river and collected at Wheeling, at which place was a small station commanded by Capt. Cressap.

Here a scene of confusion and high excitement ensued. The report that a canoe containing two Indians, was approaching, kindled up the incipient fires of hatred and revenge. Capt. Cressap proposed to take a party, and intercept the Indians; while Col. Zane, the proprietor of (1) Appendix, 221.

12 Withers' Chronicle of Border Warfare, 105–106.