in the room between. Here the whole of the vibrations, caused by the various notes being sounded, perhaps six or eight at a time in a chord, are carried by the rod without the least interference, and communicated to the tray, which gives out the combined notes to the air just as the soundboard of the piano itself does in the room below. Another illustration occurs in the case of duplex and quadruplex telegraphy, where a single wire carries two or four series of simultaneous but heterogeneous vibrations without interference. Again, if two stones are dropped into a still pool at some distance apart, each will give rise to a series of waves which spreads over the pond just as it would do if the other series were absent. These illustrations will, I hope, enable "Non Omnia" to realise the fact that the whole of a soundboard vibrates to each note in a chord independently of the others. Wm. Field. PORT AND STARBOARD AND THE STEERING OF STEAM VESSELS. RAILWAY BRAKES. [15051.-I OBSERVE in the Manchester Courier for October 7th an account of trials with the Westinghouse and vacuum brakes, according to which most excellent results are obtained with the latter brake, which, in the account, seems to beat the Westinghouse. This is something so unusual that I have been constrained to send the report to the ENGLISH MECHANIC to see if there is any truth in it. The report runs as follows:- : "The second of a series of experiments, undertaken by Captain Douglas Galton, C.B., to demonstrate theories on the friction of metals, using powerful railway brakes as a medium, were made last week on the North-Eastern Railway between York and Knaresborough. [15049.-I BELIEVE "B. H., Solr." (letter 15019) will find he makes a mistake in supposing the orders" port' starboard or ever refer to anything but the tiller. When the steersman hears the order "port," it is second nature to him to set the "The trials were made with two trains fitted and tiller head over towards the port side at once. He run under the most similar conditions possible-the knows by experience that the vessel's head will then one fitted with the Westinghouse, the other with the go to starboard, but probably does not cencern him- vacuum brake. The recording instruments were self as to why it does so. It is only landemen who those used at the Brighton experiments. The occaget confused on these points. If the arrangement sion was seized upon by the partisans of the two proposed were generally adopted all our sailors would systems to show what each brake was capable of have to be educated over again. Some means of doing. The following examples of comparative getting the rudders over more sharply would be very results will show that the vacuum brake, to which useful, especially to steamers in danger of collision, so many of our English railways have in effect comand this is one of the points referred to by Prof.mitted themselves, has now no successful competitor Osborne Reynolds at the British Association meet- as a stopping power :-ing this year; but any arrangement for this purpose implies a proportionate increase of force applied to the tiller or wheel, and owners are not generally willing to go to the expense of providing machinery or extra men to guard against an accident which might only occur once in a ship's lifetime, and even then is covered by insurance. There are, however, two matters in relation to steering that ought to have immediate attention by the Admiralty, Board of Trade, and private owners. First, the effect of the stoppage and reversal of the screw on the rudder, as described in the abstract of Professor Reynolds's address in the current number. Every captain ought to be educated by practice with his own vessel, so that he would know, as it were by instinct, exactly how she will behave with her screw stopped or going astern, and the helm hard over to one side or the other. Numerous instances are known where accidents have occurred from ignorance on this point, and there is one, which I have not seen mentioned elsewhere, and which, if I remember the circumstances right, points the moral peculiarly well -I refer to the loss of a large outward-bound Atlantic steamer on the North Welsh coast some two years ago; the Dakotah, I think, was her name. Finding themselves too close to the land the engines were reversed, and the helm ordered to starboard, notwithstanding which the vessel's head turned to starboard, and she went ashore. At the investigation afterwards the men who had been at the wheel swore they put the helm to starboard as ordered, and were considered to have perjured themselves, because the ship's head did not go to port, no account being taken of the fact that the engines were going astern. The other matter is the plan of signalling adopted by our American cousins for two steamers meeting or crossing, by which each can notify her course with respect to the ether. If the steamer that signals first wishes to keep the other on her port side, she blows a short blast on her whistle, which is then answered by a similar blast from the other. If she wishes to keep the other on her starboard side, two blasts are given, answered by two. Had this or some similar plan been in use on the Thames, it is very probable the unfortunate captain of the ill-fated Princess Alice would not have had any occasion to call out "Hi! where are you coming to p❞ [15050.-THE above terms were introduced long before the steam-engine was invented, and when ships were for the most part steered by a tiller. In this state of things when the master said "Port," the seaman pushed the tiller to port, and consequently the ship's head veered round to starboard, and vice versa. But when those large screw boats came into use, the tiller was and is often reversed that is, put on the rudder pointing to the stern; but the wheel and chains are so arranged that if the master says Port," the wheel is pushed over to the starboard side, and the boat's head moves to starboard. Now these rules, used all over the world, would be very difficult to supersede, and indeed, there is no use in superseding them, for it is believed that a mistake is never made. Mistakes were occasionally made when the term larboard was used for port, but of course that was more con Westinghouse Brake. Miles per Stopped Stopped hour. in secs. in yds. Gradient. 56 19 299 50 181 264 Level Level 1 in 200 falling Level "The rails in these experiments were all dry. The third line in the above figures, which may all be relied upon as strictly accurate, has at this time a special significance, showing unmistakably how a continuous brake would have rendered the Sittingbourne calamity, were the train running at 40 miles an hour, and had 200 yards in which to stop, an impossibility." This wonderful improvement in the vacuum brake must, if true, carry consternation into the enemy's camp, for hitherto it has been beaten hopelessly. If the official report, which "C. E. S." will doubtless be able to place before the readers of the ENGLISH MECHANIC as soon as issued, bears out these excellent stops, the inventor of the vacuum brake may be fairly congratulated on the success he has achieved. If not, however, the foregoing report will look rather like an attempt to mislead the public. In the table I observe that when the vacuum and Westinghouse trains are both running at 41 miles per hour-the latter in a fall of 1 in 200, and the former on a rise of 1 in 120-the Westinghouse only takes 1 seconds longer than the vacuum to stop, and only runs 22 yards further. Considering the circumstances, this is rather a proof of the superiority of the Westinghouse than otherwise. Again, it is hardly correct that so many of the English companies have in effect committed themselves to the vacuum brake, though few will deny that those who have adopted it have committed themselves to unnecessary expense and severe censure. An analysis of the returns of companies, on page 97, shows that out of the sixteen English companies only nine have experimented with it at all, and of these two-the North-Eastern and Midland- have adopted it on compulsion, owing to the action of other companies; while the Lancashire and Yorkshire intend to fit some of their important expresses with the Westinghouse, and its general adoption may be looked for on that line. Could "C. E. S." say how it is that only 20 Midland engines are put down as being fitted with the vacuum brake? I have seen 34 to my own know ledge. L. L. the pressure in the brake-pipe and triple valves. This can be done by the driver (as explained upon p. 124), or by either of the guards, by the hose couplings being drawn forcibly apart, in case of accident, or breaking loose of a train, or by accidental leakage; even if by a collision the air-pump, main reservoir, driver's valve, and the hose couplings were totally destroyed, the brake would automatically apply itself, and prevent the telescoping of the carriages. If a leak occurs in the Smith's vacuum brake it is rendered useless, as it was recently at Holloway; and in case of collision, if the apparatus is damaged the brake is useless. Smith's brake has often been shown to be liable to fail at any moment. It does not fulfil the conditions laid down by the Board of Trade; it is not instantaneous in its action -cannot be applied by the guards. In case of accident it is not self-acting, and the materials employed are not of a durable character. As to the hydraulic brakes, neither Clarke's nor Barker's are self-acting in case of accident, and they do not fulfil the Board of Trade conditions. Barker and Co., however, have a No. 3 arrangement by which they hope to render their brake self-acting. The Sanders automatic brake professes to fulfil all the "necessary conditions." It cannot be fitted to an engine and tender, thus necessitating the use of a costly steam brake, which is not automatic, and cannot be applied by the guards or by the breaking loose of the train. In Vol. XXVII., p. 315, I gave a drawing of the Sanders brake as in use on the Great Western Railway. The present arrangement, however, differs from this one, and was illustrated by Mr. Sanders upon page 397 of last Vol. This new plan looks the most simple, as the check valve is not used; but the old plan, in practice, is decidedly superior. In the new plan the connection between the two drums is made with a small pipe, the passage through which is always open. This small passage serves to empty the "pull-on drum" when the partial vacuum is created by the ejector or pump, and it also permits a slight fluctuation of the pressure without putting on the brakes. This open passage between the two drums must necessarily leak the brake off in about the same time that it requires to create the vacuum in the " pull-off" drum, or within less than two minutes. This leaking off of the Sanders brake is a most serious objection to it. "B. H., Solr.," mentions "that' C. É. S.' advocates the adoption of the Westinghouse brake." I most certainly do. As I have before stated in the ENGLISH MECHANIC I have no private interest in any brake whatever. After working and examining every system of brake in use in Great Britain I came to the conclusion, as every unprejudiced person must do, that the Westinghouse automatic brake is the best; therefore, having conclusively proved this fact, I advocate the adoption of the Westinghouse brake, simply because it is the best. It fulfils all the Board of Trade conditions, and every requirement necessary for the safe working of trains; or, to quote the article in Engineering of October 11, "it is the only system of railway brakes by the aid of which heavy and high-speed passenger traffic can be conducted with safety." October 22. C. E. 8. RAILWAY OSCILLATIONS-TELESCOPE OBJECT-GLASSES. so graphically expressed on page 118, may have been [15053.J" F. R. A. S.'s" railway company danger, sequent on some late perusal on his own part of more apparent than real, and perhaps too consome "mischievously well-written (to read) journal istic literature." The answer that "this carriage is all right' employés part, and "F. R. A. S.," not being a was probably honest enough on the manent way, was at sea in his complaint. practical engineer in either rolling stock or per The next time he finds an uncomfortable oscilla tion that even interferes with his reading, let him get out at the next stoppage, and look to his coach couplings fore and aft. If he finds these couplings work on the engine, and more safety in travel when merely hooked on (as they generally are) for easier the springs can act than when confined from tossing him, let him, wishing otherwise if he chooses, order a porter to at once screw up his couplings tighter. This puts a further tension on his coach's buffer springs, as the differential coupling screw revolves in the centre of the coupling iron, and will hold his coach steady and fast enough at any speed. "F. R. A. S." must not imagine that the swing of his coach's body is equal to a mere band-box, the more so the better for safety, in comparison with the tons of weight in the axles, wheels, spring, and frame gear, equal in any way, oscillated with the latter on the springs as described. [15052.]-"B. H., SOLR." (p. 158), asks if "in the Though the lift of the road and the swing of the event of a leak in the arrangements, do not all the engine's oscillation at its thousands of horse-power air, vacuum, and hydraulic brakes become inopera- being given off, made the springs give this oscilla tire?" He cannot possibly have read the descriptions tion to the band-box, as that was uncontrolled by of the Westinghouse automatic brake which have the buffer tension, for want of the springs of the been given in the ENGLISH MECHANIC and many latter on the draw bar being properly (enough) other newspapers. If he will refer to any of the wound up, I very much doubt if the oscillation of letters upon the subject he will find that to apply the the path of the axles could be measured by greater Westinghouse brake, all that is necessary is to reduce quantities than '00 of an inch, and his ("F. R. A.S.) tale of unequal lengths of axles, presumably I Fuppose between their journals, is an amusing fiction to an engineer, since at 60 miles an hour, such a state of affairs would hammer itself on fire in the first 10 miles. Probably "F. R. A. S." has not heard of an experimentum crucis of the great railway engineer, Brunel, who painted the rails for 500 yards just before the passage of an express. The markings left on the convex cross section rail surfaces gave proof that for spaces of 6 to 10 feet, not one wheel of the whole train had left the rail, nor touched down hard all through, and that these oscillations were a true wave, passing through the whole train, taking their origin from the swing of the cranks and pistons at the peculiar angles they occupy. This "F. R. A. S." will see by standing in front of an engine as it passes him at full speed, with full work on, in the peculiar oscillation swing of the buffer board. Let the two hands imitate the motion of a pair of cranks, at right angles on the same shaft, and the oscillation of the shoulders and body will instantly reveal this. I do hope that when the next accident occurs (as come that will) "F. R. A. S.'s" fate will not be one of the six millions to one we all run the chance of being overtaken by-odds of safety, one would think, enough to make us all comfortable enough as a rale, and that our "F. R. A. S." may not be subpoenaed on that. Would it be too much to ask for a clearer clue to "F. R. A. S.'s" little paper that is subsidised to advocate specular reflections ? REPLIES TO QUERIES. • In their answers, Correspondents are re. spectfully requested to mention, in each instance, the title and number the of query asked. [33234.]—The Flute.-Some time ago, in reply to a query, a correspondent mentioned James's "Hoar or Two on the Flute" as being worthy of perusal. I have tried to obtain this work, but cannot. As "T. Cridland" mentions James's scales as being very good perhaps he knows of the "Hour or Two." If so, will he kindly say who the publisher was? Being an amateur flute-player I have been interested by the correspondence on this subject. I should like, however, to see something said by an able player on the present Boehm flate, to show its superiority over all instruments of the conical form. I have tried all sorts of flutes nearly, both ancient and modern, but for the sui generis tone I prefer the Siccama, as made by its inventor, to any other, There must be something, however, in the Boehm besides facility of fingering which causes modern orchestral performers to prefer it to other flutes, and this. I suspect, is "loudness of tone." They do not like the cornet to be heard above their instrument. Rockstro says that "the true tone of the flute is perfectly distinct from that of any other instrument," and those who aim at producing a tone like a trumpet, oboe, or clarionet simply endeavour to destroy the naturally beautiful tone of an instrument the exquisite sweetness of which has passed into a proverb.-J. T. C. [33573.J-Gasholder.-The best tape (lin. wide) well satuated with red lead paint, and inserted between your gasholder plates before riveting, will make a perfect gastight joint. Some makers use twine saturated with paint, but tape makes the best joints.-J. R. WARREN. Being myself an independent (purely) amateur, Patting this and chromatic abominations together, I have ventured the idea that the "pity" for reflection is rather misplaced; and myself, like "A. S. N.," should like indeed to get a look through a famous refractor's perfect absence of aberrations, as comparable with that of reflectors, yet "probably existing" at the hands of some of our greater makers of the same. L. & N. W. ENGINES. A. 1. 8. [15054.7-I HAVE been much interested by the lists of N. & N. W. engines "Egeria" has been giving, and I hope he will continue them. I notice that in letter 14776 he gives 1861 as the date of the last-built "Bloomers." This is not quite correct, as 989 Archimedes, 990 Alaric, 991 Japan, and 992 Stork were built in March, 1862, and 993 Burmah, 994 Ariel, 995 Briareus, and 997 Baronet in April, 1862, and 996 Raglan and 998 Una in May, 1862. The other dates are right. Besides the small single engines "Egeria" mentions 148, 150, 311, 365, 324, 353, and 928 are stationed at No. 1, or Camden shed. 'Is be sure the wheels of these are more than 5ft. 6in. They do not look so. Engines of this class run the expresses between Easton and St. Alban's. [33717.1-Nickel Plating (U.Q.).—" Wolfram" I Registry office, Registrar of Petty Sessions (clerks' office), Inspector of Lunatic Asylums' office, Registry of Deeds, Public Works office, Dublin Metropolitan Dublin, Public Records' office (clerks). This list is Police office (clerks), Divisional Justices' offices, given on the authority of Cassell's "Guide to the Civil Service."-J. B. W. OLIVER. [33921.]-Making Ice.-To" UTILE."-I_mean water ice, to dissolve in summer drinks, &c. I am a long distance from any source whence it can be obtained. Instructions how to make confectioner's as well will greatly oblige-CLEER. [33925.)-Building Societies. I should be obliged if "A Victim" would furnish fuller details of his lamentable experience, as set forth on p. 177. In the first place, I should like to know how the £14 expenses were made up-that is to say, the amount of the bonus or premium, the cost of mortgage and of the surveyor's valuation, and also of the committee fees, and if there were any back payments included in the £14, as some societies date from a fixed day while others date their loans and should like to know if "A Victim" borrowed £100 repayments from any day. In the second place, I from the society or £114-that is to say, did he receive £100 in cash or only £88, and how long did he continue his payments and their total amount? Also the time suffered to elapse between the discontinuance of payments and the final settlement of mortgage, in order to arrive at the amount of interest due to the society at that time?-JUSTITIA. [33949.]-Fine Compo Tubing.-I send, for the benefit of Mr. Cox, one form of machine used for the manufacture of compo tubing. In the sketch, R B D, is a die block, with a centre passage for the metal. B is a bridge, to which is attached the core, the fine end of which enters the hole in the triplet, a steel die fitted into the holder in the base plate. The ram, R, is slotted, as shown, to allow the bridge and core to work through it. The centre cavity being filled with metal, and the ram brought down, it will be seen the metal will be forced out in the form of a tube. I think, however, that perhaps Mr. Cox will find it easier to cast his short lengths in a steel die. The cavity widens into a funnel mouth at one end, the other end being closed, except a hole just large enough to permit of the insertion of the core. This part should have sufficient thickness to hold the core straight.-S. M. P. [33962.]-Polishing Paste.-I am much obliged to"R. T.." but it has been tried, and also oxalic acid with it; both clean well, but do not retain the polish, which causes them to have to be cleaned every day.-BARMAN'S BROTHER. requires in a tract called "The A B C of Slide Rule [34079.]-Slide Rule.-" S. S." will find what he Practice," by Charles Hoare, published by Aston and Mander, 25, Old Compton-street, Soho. To lay down the divisions by transfer from a scale of equal parts is very difficult. Having some experience in this matter I would recommend the division of the whole side into 2,300 rather than 1,000 parts. This enables us to assign the smallest division, and thence to determine the length of the whole scale. The common way is to assign the whole scale (1,000), and the smallest divisions cannot then be exactly measured.-J. C. H. I may say that all the engines will have the LN.W. arms painted on the splash-box of the driving wheel as they go in for repairs. No more of the Precursor class will be built, but I was told a short time since that ten engines of the Precedent [33816.]-Civil Service Appointments (U.Q). class were building at Crewe. This class of engine-The following are the departments in which the is employed to take the Scotch limited mail from principle of open competition applies:-England: Euston to Carlisle. Treasury, Privy Council office, Colonial office, India office, War office, Home office, Admiralty, Board of Trade, Local Government Board, Privy Seal office, Customs, Inland Revenue, Paymaster-General's Department, Civil Service Commission, General Exchequer and Audit Department, General Register Post-office (clerks in secretary's department), Mint, [34111.]-Indian C. E. Service (U.Q.).-If Mr. office. Office of Works, Office of Woods, &c., Whittaker had specified what information he wanted National Debt office, Public Record office. Stationery on this subject I might have endeavoured to obtain office, Charity Commission, Education office, Patent it for him. No reader of experience having come office, Registry of Designs, Registry of Seamen, forward, I venture to recommend the "Reports of Registry of Joint Stock Companies, Emigration the Civil Service Commissioners," published by Eyre office, Ecclesiastical Commission (clerks and sup- and Spottiswoode, price from about 3 to 5 shillings plementary clerks). Science and Art Department, each; or, for more compact and elementary informa office, Office of Comptroller in Bankruptcy (junior (2s. 6d.), and Civil Service papers in the "Popular London Gazette office, County Courts Judgments tion, to Cassell's "Guide to the Civil Service" clerks), Office of Examiners of Criminal Law Educator."-J. B. W. OLIVER. Accounts, Convict Service (clerks in directors' office and in prisons), Metropolitan Police Courts (clerks), [34111.]-Indian C.E. Service.-Mr. Whittaker Factory Inspectors' office (clerks), Salmon can obtain full information by writing to the secreFisheries' office (clerks), Inspectors of Burial tary of the Royal Indian Engineering College, Grounds (clerks), Lunacy Commission (clerks). Cooper's Hill, Staines, or the Secretary of State for Scotland: Queen's and Lord Treasurer's Remem: India, India Office, S.W. I have it myself, but it Ireland: Chief Secretary's office, Constabulary brancer's office, Prison Managers' office (clerks). would occupy nearly two columns.-MURANO. office, Directors of Convict Prisons' office (clerks), Office of Inspectors-General of Prisons, General I am sorry Mr. Chalmers and "Express Driver" have disappeared in so ungraceful a manner. I should not suppose either to be capable of making a statement he did not thoroughly believe. Then, why not explain? I should like dimensions of 1,437 class, L.N.W. Thanks to "L. L." Can" G." tell me what engine the 7ft. 6in. wheel of No. 92, G.N., belonged to originally? Murano. THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL BY SIEMENS' Petor 58-Several typographical mistakes occur in letter 15008 which require explanation. In the first paragraph "water and throughout the letter "bricks taves" has been gases should be waste gases, printed for buckstaves. The letter i, indicating the damper, has also been omitted in Fig. 4.-P. F. M'C. Bell.-I inclose a plan of an electric alaram which [34122.]-Connecting Clock with Electric I made some eight months ago, and which has acted well ever since. The connections are shown in the figure. H G represents the clock; the wire, A H, is soldered to any part of the metal framework; the wire, F G, is very thin, and is adjusted so that the hour band can come in contact with it at any desired time; being thin it is no disfigurement to the clock, and the hour hand touches it, bends it, and passes on without hindrance. ABCD are binding screws, A B connected with the battery, C D with the bell. IO is a piece of stout copper wire, loosely pivoted at I, and connected by a spiral of wire with B. M is a piece of iron, fastened to it opposite the poles of the electro-magnet, E F: this wire is bent twice at right angles just beyond M, so that the end, WIRE WIRE O, rests on a piece of wire, K, which stands up [34165.]-Cornish Slate Cistern.-The water should be analysed, and possibly it will be found to require filtering. I don't think it can be the slate that dissolves, but the water holds in solution matters which are precipitated when it is brought into contact with slate. What is the source of the water ?-S. M. P. No. 14 is that it is just like No. 61. [34196.]-S.E. New Coupled Engines.-(See - music must consist of 8 bars, and to each strain a 3 strains 3 strains 3 strains 4 times over 3 strains 6 strains 4 times over 4 times over 1st figure 2nd figure 3rd figure 4th figure 5th figure The introduction must be added to all except the last, and the last finishes with the "grand chain" of 2 strains extra. The music may now be arranged to suit the dancing, by playing the introduction only once, by repeating it for every figure, and in other ways, according to circumstances or fancy. I trust this will make the whole matter sufficiently clear A Ball-room Remembrancer" on a penny card. containing the formule of the quadrilles, may obtained of J. Heywood, Manchester, which mar assist "C. A. E.," and will be found convenient at. handy for musicians and others.-J. N. D., Taxiori. [34260.]-Reflecting Galvanometer.-There is it is stated that a coil of small wire with mso an error in the reply to this query on p. 153, wher layers is suitable for thermo currents. Not so because where the resistance outside the gaivano. meter and the E. M. F. is very small, as wit thermo currents, the introduction of a coil of hig resistance almost stops the current. A rough es periment on my own instrument will illustrate this A copper and iron wire, twisted together, and coa nected to the instrument, is warmed by holding the junction between the finger and thumb. With coil of No. 35 wire, 53 ohms, the light moves about 3 centimetres. With coil of No. 24 wire, 6 ohms, 17 centimetres, and with coil of No 16 wire, 034 ohm, it goes off the scale altogether. Coils of fine wire are useful when there are other high resistances in the circuit, because then their introduction into the circuit does not materially alter its total resistance, and they have the advantage of many turns to aci on the needle.-J. BROWN, Belfast. [34212.]-Pumping Water-Would "A. L. K." (34232.)-Husband's Liabilities.-I am sorry to say Tim Bobbin's" information only clears up part of the difficulty. How many are a "few months"? Why does he not give me a date? However, I will give him an answer in the alternative. B's liability for A's debts extends to all property of A that she took possession of at his death. C's liability for B's debts depends upon whether the marriage took place before or after the 30th July, 1874. If before, he is under no liability whatever to those debts, and X has no remedy except against any separate estate of B. This is the effect of 33 and 34 Vic., c. 93. If, however, the marriage took place after the 30th July, 1874, then, under the Married Women's Property Act (1870), Amendment Act, 1874 (37 and 38 Vic., c. 50), C and B may be sued jointly for her debts, and C will be liable to the extent of any of B's property of the description mentioned in the Act (a very wide range) which came to him on the marriage, provided that this has not been already applied in paying other debts of B. I think W. J. W." must have lost sight of the 1874 Act in his reply last week.SPERANS. [34233.] Railroad Bridge.-I think "T. E. Yarra" has over-estimated the length of the Victoria Bridge at Montreal. Underneath are the particulars. The bridge over the river Tay in Scotland, iron superstructure, built in shape of figure S, is 10.321ft., the longest built bridge in the world. The Victoria Bridge at Montreal is 24 spans, 242ft. each; 1 span, 330ft.; with piers, &c., making a little over 7,000 lineal feet of iron superstructure. Greatest clear height above water, 60ft.; height of centre span above water, 82ft.; greatest depth of [34172.]—Amateur Gardener.-What degree of actual cost, 6,300,000 dollars. Royal Albert Bridge, water, 22ft.; strength of water current, 7 miles; heat is required? If the gas is near, the best plan 2 miles above Victoria Bridge, is as follows:-One would be to have a small boiler, and carry the hot span, 550ft. skew; 4 spans, 330ft. skew; 4 spans, water through the frame and back again. One 4in. 240ft. square; 51 spans, 200ft. square; 4 approaches, pipe made of zinc or good tin-plate, and running the 400ft. each; with abutments, piers, &c., making length of front of frame, connected by lin. iron about 15,500 lineal feet of iron superscructure. pipes with boiler, would answer for any moderate Greatest clear height above water, 130ft.; height of degree of heat, say sufficient to keep out the frost. centre span above water, 210ft.: greatest depth of EROS. [34173.]-G.N. Engines.-I am sorry that the only information I can give "Iron Horse" about water, 40ft.; strength of current, 69 miles; esti. [34288.]-Oatmeal Biscuits or Cakes.-I think to the following recipe she will find it answer her "A Lady-Help" will make her biscuits accordiar purpose:-21b, oatmeal, a slice of butter, salt to taste, rub the butter in, and mix with hot water to a proper consistency, roll quickly, cut in squares, and bake in a moderate oven. The above is pract by an experienced lady.-EUREKA. cal, and can be relied upon, as it was farnished me and " [31293.]-Metal Gauge.-I thank both "Sigma" Jack of All Trades" for their notice of my query. Can they please tell me the sizes of wire and metal in the flat of one large firm? I mean the working sizes. They may vary a little, but I think not much. If I take an ingot to the flatting a and wish it rolled to, say, No. 5, they would not as me "What 5?" If i go to a metal shop for a ponad of brass wire No. 16, it would not be far from No. 16 of any other shop. It is so constantly stat such a number B.W.G. that I should like to t something near what it means. Please give it t 1,000ths of inches, then "Sigma's" triangle would be very useful.-PIMPERNEL. [34296.]-Physics of the Ocean.-The statement contained in the first part of Mr. Brown's answer to this query is quite correct; but I think his dednotion from it is unwarrantable. Although water is, as he says, only slightly compressible it still compressible, and must, therefore, increase density in direct proportion to the weight of the superincumbent matter. The specific gravity of a cannon-ball is certainly so much greater than that of water that the former would require to descend prodigious distance into the fluid before the point of equal density would be reached; but still, theoret cally, such a point must exist, and, as the two fores of gravity and upward pressure would then be equilibrio, the cannon-ball would be at rest. It impossible for a body moving in a fluid to sudde change from a state of motion to that of rest-s a change must be brought about gradually. T cannon-ball, it must be admitted, is in motion whe specific gravity causes it to sink, and, as abor: leaving the surface of the water, because its greater argued, it must reach a point of rest: is it not reasonable deduction that in passing from one st to the other it moves with a uniformly retarie motion until it reaches that point? The fallacy of Mr. Brown's proposition is evident. Suppose t specific gravity of water to be 100, and that of substance dropped into it at the surface 1. According to Mr. Brown's theory, this substa being heavier than water, would sink with accelerated velocity (Mr. B. does not give the rati bat accepting this statement, how do we account properly. Almost every engineer has some peculiarity only, the stops of the great, swell, and pedal organs for the phenomenon of substances floating midway in pistons, and of course each believes his the best. being governed by composition pedals. The blowing between the surface and bottom of the ocean? They I intend shortly to give my own observations of is by hydraulic power. I am unable to give a detailed ought all to tend towards the bottom with an pistons that I have met with, which may probably specification.-HERBERT W. STOCKS, Enfield. accelerated velocity, but they do not; therefore I be of some service to readers of ours."-LANCAthink Mr. Brown is not justified in the conclusion SHIRE FITTER. at which he has arrived-to wit, that the cannon-ball would descend with an accelerated velocity. The distances mentioned by the querist are so small that practically the ball might be said to move at the same rate of speed at the depths of a mile and half a mile, although, in theory, as shown above, it would move slower at the former point than at the latter.-J. B. W. OLIVER. [31394.]-Heating Buildings with Hot Water. I erected a vinery a few years since, and in calenlating quantity of 4in. pipes to heat it up to 60 or 80 to be sufficient. By adopting this you will find it degrees I found 1ft. of 4in. pipe to 12 cubic space tion with valves and ventilators.-F. Brown, quite warm enough, as you can easily check circulaMacclesfield. [34407.)-Manufacture of Portland Cement.This subject has been fairly well ventilated by numbers, as "A Sub. from No. 1" ought to know, "Douglas P. Rodgers," letter 30775, in back by reference to the index. There is a good paper illastrating plant and describing manufacture, by a Mr. Faija, read before Institute of Mechanical Engineers; see their proceedings, January, 1875; and a fairly exhaustive description of the manufacture and plant is to be found in Spon's "Dictionary of Engineering," Nos. 30, 69, and 72, and I believe that Spous have recently published a work on same subject by Reid.-F. W. S. 93 66 [34117.]-L. and N. W. Old Engines.-Many information given as to names of above. Might I thanks to "Itzaex,' Egeria," and "R. N. H." for trouble again by asking for the names of the following (as, I believe I have them incorrectly, some of them clashing with those given by " Egeria," &c.) : -Nos. 53, 156, 186, 221, 236, 243, 260, 271, 274, 276, 377, 378, and 392? Also have the following had other nos. previous to the alterations taking place-viz., Langdale, Inglewood, Swift, Trent, Caithness, North Penrith Beacon, and Chillington ?-ACHILLES. Star, Planet, Pioneer, Lang Meg, Marathon, Madge, Achilles asks about. [34417.]-L. and N. W. Old Outside Cylinder Coupled Engines. I only know two of the engines stationed at Willesden, and 277, at Camden shed. They are Nos. 239, They have four wheels coupled (driving and trailing) and one pair of wheels leading, side-rods on the wheels, and outside cylinders inclined; a dome of the old Stephenson pattern on the firebox casing, with one valve on it, and an old-fashioned spring. valve on the centre of the boiler length; no housing or cab, but storm- boards before and behind and wing tanks, and of course no tender. There are several more exactly like them at Willesden and Camden. They ran the Broadto Victoria, the Willesden to Waterloo, the Willesden street to Watford and St. Alban's, the Willesden to the Crystal Palace, and the Euston to Willesden trains. The Nos. of the others are 67, 140, 142, 253, 256, 262, 284, 288, 297, 302, 484, 518, 523, 1,801, 1,833, 1,970, 1,974, and 48. 48 was formerly named the Oberon, and that No. "Itzaex" said that No. 1,974 was No. 41 originally, and named Gorgon. I should like the names of the others. Did Trevithick design them, and had they tenders ever?MURANO. "Incog." and [34375.]-Emphysema of the Lungs. To Medical Practitioner " are due. The recommendation of the latter I may my thanks be very glad to try further on. referred to in my query expended itself in 14 days; The bronchitis the mucous discharge then ceased, and has not returned. This result is singular, as I have been seldom or never free from "phlegin" from throat [34303.)-Spectroscope.-The Fraunhofer lines and langs during a period of at least 5 years. I may be identified as follows by means of the com- attribute so desirable a result to the fact that the parison prism:-The bright red lies about half-way very ugly dyspepsia hitherto always present with between B and C (as seen with a small direct vision bronchitis has been kept in abeyance in this instance spectroscope of ordinary make), C corresponds to the by the aid of a digestive solvent which I learn has red hydrogen line obtained with a vacuum tube, the power to dissolve food without the assistance D with the yellow sodium line; E and b almost fall of the gastric juice, and to the fact also that since on two dark bands given by the absorption spectrum my query was despatched to the Editor I have applied of a solution of didymium nitrate; F is the green galvanism to the chest and between the shoulders. hydrogen line. As for objects, first such as can be Having no medical knowledge whatever, I have seen with a Bunsen flame as bright line spectra: stumbled over what I now think may prove a soluSodium, potassium, calcium, lithium, strontium, and tion of my difficulties. I am working the theory barium salts, boracic acid, chloride of manganese, out by helping the stomach to digest and assimilate chloride of copper, the blue portion of the flame food by the use of the digestive preparation before itself, which gives a carbon spectrum, and others. referred to, thereby relieving the lungs and heart, The ash of best cigarettes moistened with hydro- the feeble action of the latter being accelerated by chloric acid gives calcium, potassium, lithium, and the application of what is called a pocket battery sodium lines, when held in Bunsen flame. Secondly, twice daily. I shall be happy to give the result of sbeorption spectra: Blue glass (cobalt), carmine the trial when I have obtained more experience.-Z. (water colour rubbed on glass slip). Solutions of chlorophyll from various plants, in spirit ether, and [34376.]-Blowpipe.-In using the blowpipe it is bisulphide of carbon; solutions of the aniline necessary to breathe and blow at the same time, so colours; chloride of cobalt in spirit, and in a con- flame, in order to take breath, as sometimes an that the operator may not have to interrupt the centrated solution of chloride of calcium; sulphate of uranium solution; alkanet root in spirit or oil; operation requires a continned blast for a considersolation of litmus of different strengths; perman- able period of time. This difficulty of breathing and ganate of potash; blue lobelia flowers in spirit; red blowing will soon be mastered by proper practice, cineraria flowers in ditto; and solution of nitrate of and I will try to give J. Sharpe a hint or two that didymium. Examine every colouring matter you may assist him. First practise breathing strongly come across, noting down appearance of spectrum; inwards and outwards through the nostrils, keep if you have no scale compare lines or bands with ing his cheeks inflated the while to their fullest Fraunhofer lines. You may at any time come extent. After being able to do this for some across something new or useful. Just lately I found minutes at a time let him fill a wash-bottle with that the red-coloured fluid exuded by Planorbis water, and practise blowing it away, until he can corneus gives some very interesting spectra, which empty the bottle without breathing through his I have not seen noticed. If you have a small coil mouth. The advantage in using a wash-bottle is that you will be able to see the spectra of hydrogen and you can always see when you cease the current of air nitrogen with vacuum tubes.-W. H. HOLLAND. by the broken jet of water. Now, having mastered [3304]-Black and Gold Furniture.-I beg to culty will be experienced in breathing as before and this, on putting the blowpipe to the mouth no diffithank Mr. Smither for bis full and clear reply to keeping up a continuous blast suited to any operamy inquiry. I have followed his instructions to the tion. A beginner in the use of the blowpipe should letter, and succeeded admirably. But as to the glaze adopt the practice of breathing regularly and no one in this country district knows what it is, and audibly through the nose, keeping up his blast by it is not to be bought in the small neighbouring means of the muscles of the face, and persevere market town. Will Mr. S. kindly say how it is made, doing so until he can do so without feeling any or where procured; also his opinion of Bessemer exertion. To insure a good flame the lamp should gold paint versus leaf? They seem to be equally be kept in good trim, the wick must be very even good in appearance, and the paint is easier applied. and clean, otherwise a good oxidising flame cannot His reply is awaited with thanks.-C. HARDING. possibly be obtained. Many times have I seen a [34306.]-Steam Velocipedes at the Paris blowpipe condemned as bad, when at the same time. Exhibition. I can only find one patent at the it was only the fault in the lamp not being well library under the name of "Sulzer "-that applying attended to. If you only want to blow a continuous [34421.J-Chemistry.-A small book by W. A to "Motive power engines." Can "Wiesendanger' flame for soldering or brazing purposes, the above Snaith, LL.D., is published by Heywood and Co., say positively that the patent has been taken out in instructions will suffice, without saying anything Manchester. This is a capital book if you are in for this country? I particularly want information.-V. about the blowpipe itself. But if for chemical pur- a cram for an examination. There is another by [34341.]-Divi Divi Bean.-I cannot give you a poses, then I would add the following:-Examine Howard, in Collins's series, Glasgow, very good. better account of this than "Ciar Vohr," but wish the nozzle of your blowpipe, and test it over to see Both these are a shilling each. But if you really to state that it was £16 108 per ton in the Liverpool that it gives both the reducing and oxidising flames desire to know anything of chemistry I would remarket on Friday, Oetober 25, 1878.-EUREKA. perfectly. I know a science teacher who had a gross commend you Dr. Miller's 3s. 6d. book, out of [$4345.]-Mining.-ERRATUM.-In my reply to of blowpipes for the use of his pupils from one of Longman's series. This is really a reliable, and at this query I find I have, by an oversight, omitted to the whole lot, not being able to produce a satisfac-sation of his large treatise the London apparatus vendors, and had to return the same time, comprehensive book, being a condenadd a cipher to the quotient in ; that is, tory oxidising flame with any one of them. Hence Chemistry."-EXPERIMENTALIST, F. C. F. it follows that a little care and knowledge is 3,500 should be 35,000. This proportionately affects requisite at the outset. - EXPERIMENTALIST, refer to the back number of the ENGLISH MECHANIC [34423.]-Sciatica.-If our afflicted brother will the other portions of the reply. The size of the four sir-ways will be each 7ft. x 10ft.-not 7ft. x 1ft.-and for October 29th, 1875, and look for answer to query the perimeter of each will be 34ft. This coincides dered calcined oyster-shells with 1 part of flowers of pathic chemists called "Atropine" is recommended [34377.]-Night Light.-1. Mix 3 parts of pow- No. 23841, he will find that a product sold by homowith "Dpty" and "Falstaffe's " answers.-T. E. J. sulphur, ram the mixture into a crucible, and ignite for sciatica, which might do him good.-EUREKA. [34252.]-Undercliff at Ventnor.-I extract the it for half an hour. The bright parts will on expofollowing from an old Guide-book "of the Isle of sure to the sunbeam, common daylight, or an elec. [34423.]-Sciatica.-Many thanks to "L. B. D." Wight, published in 1806. The cause may be easily |trical explosion, acquire the property of shining in for his elaborate reply. I feel exactly as described, traced by people conversant with the island. Diffe- the dark, so as to illuminate the dial of a watch. I though my leg is not elongated; on the contrary, it rent settlements from the cliff to the sea in the lapse will after a while cease to shine, but if the powder it out so freely as the other leg. The pain is quite is rather contracted, as I cannot in walking throw of time have occasioned the very grand and romantic is kept in a well-corked phial a new exposure to the stationary on or about the hip joint (right leg). I deenery. It appears by this that no particular date sun's light will restore the phosphorescent quality. never feel a pain whilst in bed; it affects me most can be ascribed to the Undercliff proper, but the 2. In a phial mix, by gentle heat, for half an hour. when at any hard work, such as sawing or planing Landslip close to it occurred in February, 1799.-2dr. of phosphorus with 1 dr. of lime. 3. In a timber. If I were to stand up straight and bend my BARMAN'S BROTHER. phial with water melt 3dr. of phosphorus and 50gr. head towards my left shoulder, or stretch the leg of white wax. On cooling as the mass grows solid turn the phial until the inside is coated, then dis-out, or in walking hit my toe against a stone, I feel a rather acute pain in the hip as if straining a sinew charge the water, and dry cool.-EUREKA. or nerve. I could never leave the leg on the ground when jumping from any height. I can assign no cause for its origin. I feel no pain externally. I am certain the malady must be the same as yours. Whatever has done you any good will be thankfully received by your fellow-sufferer-SCIATICA. 140 000 F.C.S. [34385.]-Steam Launch.-First ascertain that the piston and valves are steam-tight. If so take the exhaust steam through a water tank by means of a coil, and thence to funnel. You will both heat the feed water and reduce the noise as much as possible.-LANCASHIRE FITTER. [34419.]-Mining Question.-In my reply to query" Lip" should be "legs."-SPEED. on Inorganic [34433.]-Coloured Windows. Strong soda and water hot will do it. Mind the paint on the bars, also your hands.-BARMAN'S BROTHER. 4359.1-Packing of Throttle Valve. Try sbestos instead of indiarubber; you will find it much preferable. Wind off the yarn covering before using.-LANCASHIRE FITTER. [34389.-Splitting Engravings.-On p. 444, Vol. XXIII. of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, in reply te query 26435," Glatton will find perhaps what he requires. I have only to add that failure may be ccasioned by not keeping the part not split at right Angles to the two halves as they are drawn asunder. [34391.]-Organ at the Pavilion, Brighton.Baak-notes may casily be split, but one half will be The organ described in your last issne is not that of merely a blank sheet of paper. I have split ordi- the Pavilion, but belongs to the Grand Concert-hall nary paper a second time, thus making four sheets in West-street, where it was erected by Messrs. from one. I have never tried anything larger Bryceson. That in the Pavilion was built by Mr. than a leaf of the ENGLISH MECHANIC, but I have Henry Willis, and contains four manuals. The plit the whole of the index to one vol. leaf by leaf. specification is somewhat similar to the West-street -C. O. [34373]-Friction of Pistons.-This is a very organ, though scarcely so large. It possesses a 32ft. "stopped on the pedals. The pneumatic lever is comprehensive subject, and one which would require applied to great and swell organs, There are [34440.]-Phosphorescent Paint.-If "B.S.H." several pages of the ENGLISH MECHANIC to treat pneumatic pistons applied to the solo organ stops will dissolve one part of phosphorus in six parts of test tube or flask 1dr. of phosphorus, and 15gr. of [34440.]-Phosphorescent Paint.-Melt in a white wax, and paint the hands and figures of the clock. This will show in the dark for some length of time, according to the thickness of the paste laid on.-EUREKA. olive oil, he will have the "paint" he requires. The 66 Then wipe clean and make a rubber of flannel. [34460.]-Battery-If you want a stronger cur- [34467.]-Midland Express Goods Engines. away and the wood marked. To avoid this, and for [34445.]-8teel.-Metallic tungsten is only a laboratory product, and not obtainable in commercial quantity. When required for hardening steel wolfram of high percentage is used. This, when added equivalent to ten per cent. metallic tungsten gives to steel an extraordinary hardness. The best works on iron and steel are Percy and Crooke's and Rohrig. Will be glad to send "Sheffield a sample if he advertises his address.-R. SWARLEY THORPE. [34446.]-Gold Lacquer.-I do not care to make my own, I can buy so much cheaper; this also applies to polish, varnish, &c., but I send a recipe from an old work I have by me-lb. ground turmeric, oz. of ground or powdered gamboge, llb. ground gum sandrac, lb. white shellac, two quarts proof spirits when dissolved-by the bye in a warm place, but mind the fire. Add one gill turpentine varnish; well mix, and ready for use.-SAMUEL SMITHER. = 128'4271b. [34449.]-Water Power for Electric Light.- 154 62 "C. H. J." can obtain a very small turbine to attach to the water pipe by applying to F. W. Smith and Co., Canal-street, Broadway, New York. It works up to one horse, and is intended for sewing machines. -PONTO. Luton, stops when required. 6 St. Pancras arr. 3.15 10 3 26 This train commenced to run daily, Sundays ex- ing nearly to the bottom of the vessel, while excESS of milk of lime is run in from a reservoir above. The effect of the lime is to precipitate the manga. nese as protoxide, which is soon converted into peroxide by the oxygen of the air. When the oxidation has reached its limit the thin black sludge, consisting of calcic chloride, peroxide, and protexide of manganese and slaked lime, is run into the "mnd settlers," where a thick black deposit, which contains about 4lb. manganese per cubic foot, gradually subsides. This is transferred while still moist to the chlorine stills, and treated with acid in the same way as the native pyrolusite.-CIAR VOHR. [34473.]-Separation of Antimony and TinThe fusion process given in "Thorpe's Quantita tive" is a difficult one to work accurately. The first time I tried it I found myself about 5 per cent. wrong, although I was as careful as possible; but by practice the error might be reduced to 1 or 2 per cent., but I do not think it could be depended upon under that. The quantity of soda required is 8 or 10 times the bulk of the mixed oxides, and the fusion ought to be complete in less than 20 minutes. The difficulty in dissolving the fused mass out of the crucible may be got over by sticking a glass rod into it after running the flame, so that it may be fixed on cooling. When quite cold heat the crucible strongly for a few seconds over the blowpipe, when the whole mass may be easily detached and removed by the rod. The object of adding alcohol is to prevent the solubility of the antimoniate, which dis solves to some extent in pure water, but do not add it until the mass is completely disintegrated. There upon the non-precipitation of tin by sulphuretted is a method of separating antimony and tin based hydrogen in a solution saturated with oxalic acid, given in Crookes' "Select Methods." I have only tried it qualitatively as yet, but it succeeded admi rably, hardly a trace of tin being precipitated, and I do not see any reason why it should not do as a quantitative method. If "Gay-Lussac" would like to try the process, which I think would be a great improvement on Thorpe's, I will give him the details.-CIAR Vohr. [34474.]-8tarch.-Many processes have been patented for the preparation of starch from rice. nearly all of them depending on the solubility of gluten and the insolubility of starch in an alkaline fluid. The following is an outline of one of these processes:-To 100lb. of rice add 50 gallons of a solution of caustic soda, containing 200 grs. per gallon, and digest with occasional stirring for 24 hours. Siphon off the liquid, and wash the grain with 100 gallons pure water. Drain off the water, and crush or grind the rice between stones or rollers. Sift, and repeat the grinding if necessary, till everything passes through except the husk. Treat again with alkali-100 gallons of solution to 100lb. of allow to stand for three or four days. The fibrous meal. Agitate frequently for 24 hours, and then matter and a little starch deposit first, the tolerably pure starch, while the gluten dissolves in the liquid, and is siphoned or run off. Pour in now 200 gallons of pure water, agitate well, and allow it to rest for an hour. By this time heavy substances other than starch will have settled to the bottom, when the milky liquor is passed into another vessel, through wire or cloth sieves. The same process is repeated in another tank, till the starch is completely se parated from fibre, &c., when it is allowed to settle till the supernatant liquid becomes clear, after which it is drawn off. The starch is now boxed," or shovelled into wooden perforated chests lined with thin canvas. When thoroughly drained the compact mass is turned out on a table, and cut or broken into pieces 4 or 5 inches square, which are set on half-dried bricks, till all the moisture is ab sorbed. It is then stone-dried, packed in paper, and kept at a gentle heat during some days, after which it is ready for market. Details of the process, with drawings of machinery, &c., may be found in Mus pratt's or Ure's dictionary.-CIAR VOHR. 66 [34477.)-Rats.-If "Souris " will cover his floor and walls with 2in. of cement, with glass and sand, in the proportion of 1 cement, 2 sand, and 2 glass, and would be better, but more expensive.-E. F. C. broken up coarsely, he will find it effectual; 1 of [34477.)-Rats.-The best and only method is to lay down engineer's floor plate. Such a floor, if properly laid, is not only rat-proof, but water: proof, and will last as long as the house itself. If Souris will advertise his address, I will take him where floors so laid can be seen.-OXFORD ST. [34484.1-Gymnastics for Ladies.-"A Gymnastics," Tweedie, Strand, 1s. or 1s. 6d. Mother" will find what she wants in "Musical PONTO [34454.]-Flexible Steam Hose.-Apply to a rubber manufacturer. I have had one in use for several years made by the N.B. Rubber Company, Edinburgh, which shows no signs of decay yet, and which is in every way satisfactory. They work with steam at 30lb., but it was said to be able to stand a pressure of 100lb. per square inch.-J. B. [34471.]-Manganese.-The waste liquor from [34455.1-Cutting off Stroke.-The point of cut- the chlorine stills consists of a solution of mangating off steam in an engine is best determined by the perchlorides of iron, aluminium, &, and the excess nous chloride (MnCl2), with small quantities of the amount of work to be done. As you do not give any of bydrochloric acid used in generating the chlorine. particulars as to travel of valve, working pressure, In Weldon's process for the recovery of the manga[34184.]-Exercises or Gymnastics for Ladies. and load on engine, I am unable to answer your question. You may, however, set the valve at full nese the first stage is to get rid of this excess of -I am sorry to say there is no book for gymnastic stroke, and if the steam-port is open full width put done by running the liquor from the chlorine gene. in my possession written in German, if that is son acid, and precipitate the iron and alumina, which is exercises for ladies written in English. I have one sufficient "lap" on edge of valve, so that the port rators into a well, and stirring it up with powdered good to you. But the best would be for you will be closed, say, at stroke, or any other point chairs The neutral liquid is now pumped into set to consult Mrs. Ravenstein, German Gymnastic you wish to cut off at. The eccentric must be tling tanks, where the iron and aluminic hydrates, Society, King's-cross. This lady is honorary sout moved forward in putting on lup." LANCASHIRE thu thaks, where the iron aluminic hydrates intendent of a ladies' class there, consisting of about to subside. The supernatant solution, now of a 50 members, under the tuition of one of the ablest [34458.]-French Polish.-It is a very hard clear pale pink colour, is then run into the gentlemen of the present day-Mr. R. Schweitzermatter to polish your sideboard, and try all you "oxidiser," a cylindrical iron vessel about half as J. H. SCHUCHT. know you will not make a first-class job of it. The broad as it is deep. The oxidising action taking place recipe you refer to is bosh. If at all bruised, wipe most readily about 150F, the linor if not bot [34488.]-Hammock Slinging.-Get two 112lb. clean and keep it nourished with oil (linseed). This enough is raised to that temperature by injecting for about 23. 6d.), then fasten the rope of bamtore will bring up the sunken parts; if a warm iron be stem. When suficiently bented a stream of utmo on to the rings, pass over the straddles, and there held so that the veneer is just warmed it will help it. spheric air is blown through it, by a large pipe lead-you are.-TELESCOPE TELE, FITTER. metal store |