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but runs across to 82° or 83° N. lat. in a northerly direction, proceeding thence towards N.N.E. or N.E. 2. The coast of this arctic continent is consequently to be found between 25° and 170° E. long. in a mean N. lat. of 84° and 85°, the west coast between 90° and 170° W. long. in a latitude from 86 to 80°. 3. Robeson Channel, which widens suddenly north of 82° 16m. N. lat., still widening, bends sharply in 84° N. lat. to the west; Smith Sound, therefore, is freely and continuously connected with Behring Strait. Grinnell Land is an island which probably extends to 95° W. long., south of which the Parry Islands fill up the sea west of Jones's Sound. 4. The sea between the coast of the arctic polar land and the north coast of America is traversed by an arm of the warm drift-current of the Kuro Siwo, which pierces Behring Strait, and thus at certain times and in certain places is free of ice, allowing the warm current to reach Smith Sound. 5. The Gulf Stream gliding between Bear Island and Novaya Zemlya to the north-east washes the north coast of the Asiatic continent, and is united east of the New Siberia Islands with the west arm of the drift current of the Kuro Siwo. On the other hand, the arm of the Gulf Stream, which proceeds from the west coast of Spitzbergen to the North, dips, north of the Seven Islands, under the polar current, comes again to the surface in a higher latitude, and washes the coast of the arctic polar land, the climate of which, therefore, is under the influence of a temporarily open polar sea; hence both the formation of perpetual ice, as well as excessive extreme of cold, is manifestly impossible. 6. The mean elevation of the polar land above the sea diminishes towards the pole. 7. The sea between Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya to Behring Strait is even in winter sometimes free of ice, and may be navigated in summer and autumn. 8. The most likely routes to the pole are: first, the sea between Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemlya; and second, the sea north of Behring Strait along the coast of the unknown polar land.

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WE have been so alarmed by the denunciation of "the Editors of the European press in the new number of Fors Clavigera, and their habit of living by the sale of their "opinions, instead of knowledges," that we scarcely venture to hold, much less to express, the very harmless "opinion" that the following passage is one of painful interest :

The Pope's new tobacco manufactory under the Pala

tine [is] an infinitely more important object now, in all

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My hands My soul

is

are weak, - my sight grows dim

with tears;

burdened with unanswered prayers,

And sick of doubts and fears.

The moon cast down her fetters, silver-bright,
I see, across the deep,
As if to bind the ocean in his sleep
With links of living light.

I hear the roll and rush
Of waves that kiss the bosom of the beach ;-
That soft sea-voice which ever seems to hush
The tones of human speech.

A breeze comes sweet and chill Over the waters, and the night wanes fast; His promise fails; the net is empty still,

And hope's old dreams are past!

Slow fade the moon and stars, And in the east, the new dawn faintly shines Through dim grey shadows, flecked with pearly bars,

And level silver lines.

But lo! what form is this Standing beside me on the desolate shore? I bow my knees; His garment's hem I kiss; Master, I doubt no more!

He

Ah,

"Draw in thy net, draw in,"

cries, "behold the straining meshes

break!"

Lord, the spoil I toiled so long to win

Is granted for Thy sake!

The rosy day blooms out

views of Rome from the west, than either the Palatine or the Capitol; while the still more ancient documents of Egyptian religion - the obelisks of the Piazza del Popolo, and of the portico of St. Peter's are entirely eclipsed by the obelisks of our English religion, lately elevated, in full view from the Pincian and the Montorio, with smoke coming out of the top of them. And Like a full-blossomed flower; the joyous sea farther, the entire eastern district of Rome, between Lifts up its voice; the winds of morning shout the two Basilicas of the Lateran and St. Lorenzo, is now one mass of volcanic ruin; a desert of dust and ashes, the lust of wealth exploding there, out of a

All glory, God, to Thee! Sunday Magazine. SARAH DOUDNEY.

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From The British Quarterly Review.
THE DEPTHS OF THE SEA.*

spoken as a "splendid generalization, to have added which to the sum of human

knowledge is a glorious distinction."

THE results of the deep-sea explorations recently carried out by Dr. CarNo stronger testimony could have been penter, Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, and Pro- given to the opinion entertained by the fessor Wyville Thomson have excited so most competent judges, as to the great much interest, not only among men of value of the work already done, and the science, but also among the general pub-probability that a far richer harvest would lic and this not less in other countries be gathered by the prosecution of similar than in our own - that we feel sure researches on a more extended scale, of our readers' welcome to an endeavour than the fact that our late Government, to place before them a general account of certainly not unduly liberal in its enthe most important of them; chiefly di-couragement of Science, unhesitatingly recting their attention to those new ideas adopted the proposal for a scientific cirwhich these researches have introduced cumnavigation expedition submitted to into science, since without such any mere the Admiralty by Dr. Carpenter on the accumulation of facts remains a rudis in- part of himself and his colleagues, fitted digestaque moles, not animated and quick-out the Challenger with every appliance ened by any vital force. On two of these asked for by the committee of the Royal ideas we shall especially dwell - viz., the Society to which the scientific direction doctrine advocated by Dr. Carpenter, of of the expedition was entrusted, and sent a General Oceanic Circulation sustained her forth fully equipped for her work, by thermal agency alone, characterized under the command of one of the ablest by Sir Roderick Murchison* as one, surveying officers in the naval service, towhich, "if borne out by experiment," gether with a complete civilian scientific would "rank amongst the discoveries in staff, under the experienced direction of physical geography, on a par with the the distinguished naturalist by whom the discovery of the circulation of the blood inquiry was initiated, and who had taken an active share in the earlier prosecution in physiology;" and Professor Wyville of it. Thomson's doctrine of the Continuity of the Chalk-formation on the bed of the

Atlantic, from the Cretaceous epoch to the present time, of which Mr. Kingsley has

* (1.) The Depths of the Sea. An account of the General Results of the Dredging Cruises of H.M.SS. Porcupine and Lightning during the Summers of

1868, 1869, and 1870, under the Scientific Direction of

Professor Wyville Thomson's beautitifully illustrated volume, entitled “The Depths of the Sea," which made its appearance on the eve of the departure of the Challenger expedition, gives a highly interesting account of the explorations carried on by Dr. Carpenter and himself in the tentative Lightning cruise of 1868, and by the same gentlemen, with the cooperation of Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys, in the Porcupine exploration which extended over the four summer months of 1869. In the work of the following year, which (2.) Reports of Deep-Sea Explorations carried on extended into the Mediterranean, Proin H.M.SS. Lightning, Porcupine, and Shearwater, fessor Wyville Thomson was prevented

Dr. Carpenter, F.R.S., J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., and
Dr. Wyville Thomson. By C. WYVILLE THOMSON,
LL.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.S.L. and E., F.L.S., F.G.S.,

&c., Regius Professor of Natural History in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, and Director of the Civilian
Scientific Staff of the Challenger Exploring Expedi-
tion. With numerous Illustrations and Maps. Lon-

don.

of the Royal Society," Nos. 107, 121, 125, and 138.

in the years 1868, 1869, 1870, and 1871. "Proceedings by illness from participating, and its re(3.) H.M.S. Challenger: Reports of Captain G. 7.sults are but slightly noticed in his volNares, R.N., with Abstracts of Soundings and Dia-ume. And of the results of Dr. Cargrams of Ocean Temperature in the North and penter's second visit to the Mediterra

South Atlantic Oceans. Published by the Admiralty: 1873.

(4.) Lecture on" The Temperature of the Atlantic," delivered at the Royal Institution on March 20th,

1874. By WILLIAM B. CARPENTER, M.D., LL.D.

"Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society,"

January, 1871.

nean in 1871, no mention whatever is made, as they had not long been published when "The Depths of the Sea" made its appearance. They constitute, however, the subject of two very elabo

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