purse-proud upstarts? Answer. Would possess; this is the former term of the relation.-Would possess for what? Answer. For (these) upstarts; upstarts is the latter term of the relation.

435. The former term of the relation is sometimes understood; as, "[Looking] on the whole, I prefer spring."

436. The latter term of the relation is sometimes understood; as, "Samson is the strongest man [that] we read of in history."

437. The preposition itself is sometimes understood; as, "Throw [to] the dog a bone." "He was like [to] his father." "Germantown is near [to] Philadelphia."

438. When two relations subsist between the terms, two prepositions connected by a conjunction and having a common object may be used.

Thus: "Collector of taxes in and for the county of Westchester." In shows one relation between collector and county, and for another; county is in the objective case, governed by the prepositions in and for.

439. When the relation extends to several things, a preposition may have several objects, as in the following sentence:-"Few can form any idea of the labors, trials, and disappointments, that fall to the teacher's lot."

440. A preposition with its object often follows an intransitive verb; as, "We can not account for some things."

In some cases of this kind, the verb and preposition taken together come to be regarded as a transitive verb, and as such admit of a passive form; thus, "Some things can not be accounted for." Here for is no longer a preposition, for it has no object, but is part of the transitive verb can be accounted for.

In some cases a preposition is thus combined with an intransitive verb without making it transitive; as, "Glory is worth dying for." Dying for is the present participle of an intransitive verb.-Sometimes a preposition

of the relation be found? Illustrate this. 435. Give a sentence showing that the former term is sometimes understood. 436. In like manner illustrate the omission of the latter term. 437. Finally, what is sometimes understood? 438. When two relations subsist between the terms, what may be used? Give an example. 439. When may a preposition have several objects? 440. What does a preposition with its object often follow? Show how the verb and preposition are sometimes thrown into the passive form Give an example in which the verb is not made

is combined in this way with a transitive verb in the active voice; as, "I have more time than I know what to do with." To do with is a transitive verb, governing the interrogative pronoun what in the objective case.

441. In like manner, the prepositions for and of enter into certain compound adjectives; as, uncared-for, unsought-for, unheard-of, unthought-of. Connect the parts of such compounds with the hyphen, and parse as common adjectives.

442. To in the infinitive mood is not a preposition, but part of the verb. In parsing, it must be taken with the rest of the verb, as shown in § 297.

443. RULE XVI.—A preposition shows the relation that a substantive, infinitive, or participle, bears to some other word or words in the sentence.

444. PARSING.-To parse a preposition, mention the terms between which it shows the relation, and give Rule XVI. Thus:

Out of regard for a friend I had been so much attached to, I overlooked his reflections on my veracity and honor.

Out of is a complex preposition, and shows the relation between the noun regard, which is its object, and the verb overlooked :—Rule, A preposition shows the relation that a substantive, infinitive, or participle, bears to some other word or words in the sentence.

For is a preposition, and shows the relation between the noun friend, which is its object, and the noun regard:-Rule, A preposition, &c.

To is a preposition, and shows the relation between the relative pronoun that understood, which is its object, and the adjective attached :Rule, A preposition, &c.

On is a preposition, and shows the relation between the nouns veracity and honor, which are its objects, and the noun reflections :—Rule, A preposition, &c.

EXERCISE.

Parse the adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and prepositions :-The times are sadly out of joint.-"Early to bed and early to rise,"

transitive. With what kind of a verb is a preposition sometimes thus combined? 441. How are some compound adjectives formed? How should they be written? 442. How is to in the infinitive mood to be looked upon and parsed? 443. Recite Rule XVI. 444. How is a preposition parsed! Learn the form.

is a maxim which it would be well for all persons without exception to act upon.-Stephen fell off the bridge into the river, but succeeded in getting out safe, minus his hat.-Before the time of Gutenberg, books were written in stead of being printed.-The long wished-for day at length arrived, and was hailed on all sides with acclamations.-According to Cicero, there was a time when men wandered everywhere through the fields after the manner of beasts. Notwithstanding your vaunted strength, to go a fishing and a hunting on the same day would be too much for you.

LESSON LX.

THE CONJUNCTION

445. THE CONJUNCTION.-The eighth part of speech is the Conjunction.

"Yet, if I mistake not, Virgil and Horace were Romans."

In this sentence, and is used to connect the words Virgil and Horace. If is used to connect the parts of the sentence, I mistake not and Virgil and Horace were Romans. Yet is used to connect the whole sentence with something going before. And, if, yet, and other words used as connectives, are called Conjunctions. The word conjunction means a joining together.

446. A Conjunction is a word used to connect words, sentences, or parts of a sentence.

447. LIST OF CONJUNCTIONS.-The following list embraces all the conjunctions in common use:

445. What is the eighth part of speech? Repeat the sentence presented at the commencement of the lesson. In this sentence, what is and used for? If? Yet? What are such words called? What does the word conjunction mean? 446. Define a Conjunction. 447. Mention as many of the conjunctions in the list as you

Many of the words in the above list are also used as other parts of speech. They are conjunctions only when they connect words, sentences, or parts of a sentence.

448. Both, either, neither, and that, standing for nouns, are adjectivo pronouns. Used with nouns, to limit their meaning, they are pronom inal adjectives. That is a relative pronoun, when equivalent to who or which.

449. Even, then, and now, are generally adverbs. But even is a conjunction, when it introduces a repeated word; as, “I, even I.” Then is a conjunction, when it is used as the correlative of if. Now is a conjunction, when it has no reference to time; as, "Now Barabbas was a robber."

450. Except and without are conjunctions only when used (though not elegantly) for unless. But, for, and since, as we have seen in § 429, are sometimes adverbs and prepositions. Provided and seeing are frequently participles. So is a conjunction, only when equivalent to provided; "So you leave me enough, you may take what you choose." Or in the expression or ever, meaning before, is an adverb; or ever the silver cord be loosed."

noun.

451. As, representing a noun, after such, same, as many, so many, as much, and so much, has been already mentioned (§ 152) as a relative proWhen as denotes degree and modifies an adjective or adverb (as graceful, as gracefully), it is an adverb. When as denotes manner and at the same time connects, it is a conjunctive adverb. When it connects simply, it is a conjunction.

452. Observe the following examples:-Both (conj.) Alexander and Cæsar were great conquerors, and both (adj. pro.) met with an untimely end.—I will not go without ( prep.) you.—I will not go without (conj.) you go.—I would advise you not to become either (conj.) a painter or a sculptor, seeing (conj.) there is but (adv.) little encouragement for (prep.) art in this country.—They say that (conj.) that (pro. adj.) house that (rel. pro.) we just passed, is haunted.—Help such as (rel. pro.) need help.—Good humor spreads happiness around, just as (conj. adv.) the sun sheds its light on all. Some regard Milton as (conj.) the greatest of epic poets.

can. When alone are the words in the list conjunctions? 448. As what other parts of speech do both, either, neither, and that appear, and under what circumstances? 449. What are even, then, and now, for the most part? When is even a conjunction? Then? Now? 450. When alone are except and without conjunctions? As what, besides conjunctions, do but, for, and since appear? What do we frequently find provided and seeing? When is so a conjunction? What is or in the expression or ever? 451. When is as a relative? When, an adverb? When, a conjunctive adverb When, a conjunction? 452. Give examples showing these

453. Two conjunctions, connecting different things, may stand together; as, "But, if it rains, I will remain." Here but connects the whole sentence with something going before; if connects two parts of the sentence, it rains and I will remain.

454. COMPLEX CONJUNCTIONS.-Sentences and parts of sentences are sometimes connected by two or three words, which must be taken together in parsing and called a Complex Conjunction.

The complex conjunctions in most common use are inasmuch as, forasmuch as, as well, as well as, notwithstanding that, except that, as if, as though (often inelegantly used for as if), and for all (when equivalent to although).

455. Remember that words must not be taken together and parsed as a complex adverb, preposition, or conjunction, if they retain their individual force and can be parsed separately.

456. RULE XVII.-A conjunction connects words, sentences, or parts of a sentence.

457. PARSING.-To parse a conjunction, mention what it connects, and give Rule XVII. Thus :

For all our country is so young, it has fostered education and produced both authors and artists of distinguished merit.

For all is a complex conjunction, and connects the two parts of the sentence, our country is so young and it has fostered education and produced both authors and artists of distinguished merit :—Rule, A conjunction connects words, sentences, or parts of a sentence.

And is a conjunction, and connects two parts of the sentence, it has fostered education and produced both authors and artists of distinguished merit :-Rule, A conjunction, &c.

Both and and are conjunctions, and jointly connect the words authors and artists:-Rule, A conjunction, &c.

words as different parts of speech. 453. Give an example of two conjunctions standing together. 454. What is a Complex Conjunction? Mention the most common complex conjunctions. 455. When alone may words be parsed together ав a complex adverb, &c.? 456. Recite Rule XVII. 457. Learn the parsing forms.