month and 21 days at £23.10.10. It was also agreed that Johannes should be taught to read in the Bible and write a legible hand. December 4, 1771, Michael Waggoner, of Pipe Creek Hundred, Frederick county, obtained the services of Michael Piltz and Barbara, his wife, for 3 years for £25; Casper Piltz for 13 years for £10, and Rosina Barbara Piltz for 7 years for £18. December 11, 1771, Martin Rohrer, of Conecocheague, Frederick county, obtained Peter Schleitz for 3 years and 6 months for £16.13, and Daniel Volks for 6 years for £17.5.3. At the expiration of their terms of services each. was to receive, besides the usual two suits of wearing apparel, an ax, a grubbing hoe, and a maul and wedges, or 40 shillings in money. December 17, 1771, John Innis, near Conecocheig, Frederick Town, Frederick co., Md.," obtained Johannes Koch and Maria Eliza, his wife, for 4 years each, for £40.16.6. July 22, 1772, Jacob Kimberlin, Jr., of Elizabeth township, Frederick county, obtained Mary Matthews for 2 years at £10.0.0. October 24, 1772, Jacob Bear, of Conecocheague, Frederick county, obtained George Frederick Pindle for II years for £14.0.0. May 31, 1773, Benjamin Esteurn, of Kitochin Hundred, Frederick county, obtained Catherine Manipenny as a servant, for 5 shillings. No term was specified in this case. Negro slaves were owned in Maryland from a very early period. The culture of tobacco required the services of a large number of servants and this need was most readily supplied through this source. As the German settlers became more numerous and required more assistance they naturally adopted the customs of their neighbors and acquired negro slaves. Some of them had religious. scruples against slavery, but, as a rule, they followed the custom of the country and continued owning slaves until, at least, the early years of the nineteenth century, as shown by the following advertisement in the Hagerstown Herald of Friday, February 28, 1806, by the son of a Pennsylvania-German who settled in Maryland at a very early date: TEN DOLLARS REWARD. RAN AWAY from the subscriber, living near the Big February 21, 1806. It was not at all unusual for the Germans to free a slave by giving him manumission papers, and much more frequently they were freed by will, as was the case with Peter Hoeflich, one of the first settlers in Hagerstown, whose will directed that "In relation to my negro man Arnold, it is my will that he be emancipated in three years from the 1st day of May, A. D. eighteen hundred and twenty-five, but he must make up all lost time during the three years that is lost from my death until he becomes free." CHAPTER XI. THE BORDER TROUBLES. HE unfortunate contro THE versy between William Penn and his heirs and the Lords Baltimore over the boundary between the colonies of Maryland and Pennsylvania had its foundation in the fact that at the time the respective charters were granted there was no accurate map of the country in existence. At the time the charter was issued to Lord Baltimore the territory it embraced was an unknown and unexplored wilderness. At that time it was not, relatively, of much importance to have the northern boundary of the colony strictly defined, the question becoming a serious one only after William Penn had received. his charter, half a century later. The map used in defining the boundary between the two colonies was the one made by Captain John Smith, in 1606, and while this map was remarkably accurate, considering the difficulties under which it was made, yet it was not absolutely so, particularly in the marking of the various parallels of latitude; and it was this variation. which was the chief cause of trouble later on. The charter granted to Lord Baltimore fixed the northern boundary of his colony at the fortieth parallel of north latitude, and the charter granted to Penn, fifty years later, defined the same point as the southern boundary of his demesne. Had this fortieth parallel been where it was supposed to be, and where the maps of the period showed it to be, there probably would have been no trouble. At the same time, the wording of the Maryland charter is very far from being clear. According to it Maryland was to extend "unto that part of the bay of Delaware on the north, which lieth under the fortieth degree of north latitude from the equinoctial." It will be noted that the charter does not say that the province was to extend to the fortieth parallel of north latitude, which was Lord Baltimore's contention, but to the territory on Delaware Bay "which lieth under the 40th degree." Now the fortieth degree begins where the thirty-ninth ends: at the thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude, so that a strict construction of the letter of the charter would fix the northern boundary of Maryland at the thirty-ninth parallel of north latitude. A great deal has been written on this controversy, most of which is so strongly tinctured with the partisan bias of the writer, that it is difficult to arrive at a correct understanding of the subject. It is no doubt a fact that both Penn and Baltimore honestly believed in the correctness and justice of their respective claims; at the same time, neither one can be absolved from the charge of indulging in sharp practices in their efforts to fortify those claims. From the first settlement of the colony of Maryland Lord Baltimore was more or less active in looking after |