ions; and, lastly, the amount of "net" property, in dollars, per capita of the minor population of each State. This per capita amount is, in other words, the net fund that is capable of being taxed for the support and education of each minor citizen. The larger this amount per capita the lower will be the rate of taxation necessary to produce any specified amount of money, or the more money will be collected upon the same rate of taxation.

MAP NO. 3.-Amount of Property per capita of Minor Population in dollars. Map No. 3 shows at a glance how much more favorably situated the North is in this respect; two of the Northern States had more than three thousand dollars per capita of minors; ten others had more than two thousand dollars per capita of minors; and the other six had more than one thousand dollars per capita of minors. Only four of the Southern States had more than one thousand dollars per capita of minors, the other twelve ranging from $538 to $980. Massachusetts had six and one-half times as much as Mississippi per capita of minors.

This is the second problem in Southern education-how to overcome the difficulties arising from the lack of taxable property.

The Public Debts and Net Wealth of the "Northern" States in 1880 and the Proportion of said Wealth to each Minor.

The Public Debts and Net Wealth of the "Southern" States in 1880 and the Proportion of said Wealth to each Minor.

DENSITY OF SCHOOL POPULATION IN 1880, NORTH AND SOUTH.

The next two tables compare the area of the States, north and south, with the number of children of elementary school age.

Observe the comparatively large numbers of such children to the square mile in the States to the north of the Potomac and the Ohio, as shown in Map No. 4.

It is obvious that where the land is thickly settled, schools can be maintained at short distances apart; graded schools can be conducted more readily; pupils can attend more promptly and more regularly; and the teaching force can be more easily maintained.

Map No. 4 shows that forty children can be gathered into school from one square mile in Rhode Island; the same number is scattered over twenty square miles in Minnesota, and over forty square miles in Florida.

MAP NO. 4.-Number of Elementary School Population to the Square Mile in 1880.

Here is the third problem in Southern education-how to overcome

the difficulties arising from a thinly settled country.

The Area of the Several "Northern" States. their Elementary School Population in 1850, and the Number of said Population per Square Mile.

The Area of the Several "Southern" States, their Elementary School Population in 1880, and the Number of said Population per Square Mile.

The foregoing tables place clearly before us the hindrances to rapid progress toward satisfactory attainment in public instruction in the South. The first, namely, "the excess of minors above adults," is peculiar to that section. The others are encountered in greater or less degree in other sections. The spirit in which they will be met may be judged by the temper and habits of the people.

One great part of the population in the South is of African descent, and inherits much of the improvident temper and desultory habits engendered by tropical life. The white population of the South is, on the other hand, singularly homogeneous in its origin, its beliefs, and its habits. It is in great measure British and Irish by descent, and has preserved much of the tenacity, pugnacity, and rigorous temper of its progenitors. Misfortunes sober and disasters do not appal such a people. The terrible losses of life and treasure during the war of 1861-65 made the impoverished remnant of white population in the South more industrious and more determined than ever before.

CONDITION OF INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTH.

The condition of industry in the South, as compared with the same in the North, deserves attention in this connection.

It is significantly set forth in the four tables that follow, derived from the census of 1880, showing the number of persons, male and female, pursuing gainful occupations in the North and South respectively at that time.

Number of Males 10 or More Years Old in the North, in 1880, Employed and not Employed in Gainful Occupations.