The third person is expressed by the corresponding forms of the future (see § 99).

3. Like the infinitive, the imperative has sometimes, not o, but a, as the prevailing vowel; e.g. to learn—

4. To enhance the emphasis of the command, the masculine of the singular is not unfrequently provided with the accentuated termination, and hereby a change of vowels is occasioned, the first consonant taking either kamets chatuph or chirek; e.g. p bindlie down, in pausa, however, the original vowels remain. That is called paragogicum, which name indicates its meaning and force.

EXERCISE XXVIII.

Write the infinitive and the imperative of Kal of the following verbs:

to learn; to reign; to deliver up; T to draw; ip to rule; to stone; to draw out;

to watch;

to govern.

§ 40. THE FUTURE OF KAL.

1. The future of Kal of p is:

to destroy;

.you will bind תִּקְשְׁרוּ .m

m. they will bind.

tive

2. Throughout the future, praeformative letters (No, ', ♫, or J) are added to that form of the root which appears in the construct infinitive (,, etc.), and in some instances afformatives are appended besides, as pa, p, etc. (comp. §§ 18. 3; 38. 2). The praeformatives peculiar to the future tense are evidently, like the afformatives, shortened from the personal pronouns, though the abbreviations and contractions are still more decided; thus and may

תִּקְמֹר in אַתֶּן אַתֶּם אַתְּ אַתָּה; נִרְקְשׂר and אֶרְקְמֹר be traced in which have all the characteristic n, though ,תִּקְשֹׁרְנָה תִּקְשְׁרוּ תִּקְשְׁרִי

they do not, like the afformatives, distinguish those pronouns indivi

dually. The guttural & in the first person has segol, the other praeformatives are provided with chirek.

4. Some verbs, and chiefly those which possess intransitive meaning and are medii tsere or cholem, have in the future, as in the construct infinitive and the imperative, pathach as the prevailing vowel instead of cholem; e.g. the future of to learn is by, Jaba, 72ba, maki, zoba, naba, 17pba, neba, web, mob. Therefore 77, 17837, 1725 178b7,

Similar to the cholem of the construct state and the imperative, the cholem of the future, if immediately followed by makkeph, is changed into kamets chatuph; e.g. Dp (comp. § 39. 1, 2).

6. The first persons of the future often take paragogicum ( § 39. 4), which termination causes the vowel of the last syllable of

and ; נִקְשְׁרָה נִקְמֹר אֶקְשְׁרָה אֶקְמֹר .3.those forms to disappear ; e paragogicum expresses either an exhortation ה The .נִלְמְדָה, אֶלְמְדָה so

T:

or a request, or (with) a sequence; thus
a sequence; thus means let us bind,
or pray let us bind, or that we may bind (; comp. $$ 94, 96).
7. The forms concluding with a vowel (n, nypa, np.) take
sometimes at the end, called paragogicum, which invariably draws
the tone to the last syllable, whether the verb be in pausa or not, but
causes no alteration in the meaning; as

,thou wilt bind תִּקְשְׁרִין

pipa you will bind, p they will bind. These forms are, however, not employed if the verb is closely connected in sense with the following word.

יִקְשֹׁר Hence

8. The Hebrew future tense does not only denote the simple future time, but also the action which is or was in course of being accomplished, and that which is frequently and habitually performed. It further expresses a wish, possibility, or command, and serves, therefore, in some respects, as a substitute for the subjunctive and optative moods, which are wanting. means - he will bind, he is or was binding; he is in the habit of binding; may he bind; he may or can bind; let him bind; he shall bind; and the context must, in each passage, suggest the exact meaning. However, the paragogicum in the first person (No. 6), and a shorter form with characteristic meanings, which exists in some modifications and some

classes of verbs, lessen the vagueness and the difficulty, and prove at least the tendency of the Hebrew language towards more complete development Detailed rules must be reserved for the Syntax.

EXERCISE XXIX.

I. Write the future Kal of the following verbs:

II. State the meaning of the following forms:

§ 41. PARTICIPLE OF KAL.

The Kal has a double participle, one with active, and the other with

2

passive meaning, namely (or) binding, and

bound.

The latter form seems to point either to a remnant or a beginning of a distinct modification having the character of the passive of Kal, but otherwise not traceable in the language. The participles have, of course, a feminine and a plural, namely,

.plur. masc קְשְׁרָה and קְשֶׁרֶת .fem - קשר קְשְׁרוֹת .fem קְשְׁרִים

קְשׁוּרוֹת

Write the participles of Kal of the following verbs, with their feminines and plurals:

to שָׁמַר ; to cut קָצַר ; to support סָמַךְ ; to draw מָשַׁךְ ; to hide טָמַן

guard;

to weigh.

§ 42. THE PRESENT.

There exist, in Hebrew, no separate forms for the present tense. In many cases it is expressed by the participle coupled with the personal pronoun, in the following manner:

H

.I am bound אָנֹכִי קְשׁוּרָה .fem (קָשׁוּר אָנֹכִי or) אָנֹכִי קָשׁוּר ,(קָשׁוּר אַתָּה or) אַתָּה קָשׁוּר .thou art bound אַתְּ קְשׁוּרָה

קָשׁוּר הוּא or) הוּא קָשׁוּר

.he, she is bound הִיא קְשׁוּרָה .we are bound אֲנַחְנוּ קְשׁוּרוֹת קְשׁוּרִים אֲנַחְנוּ or) אֲנַחְנוּ קְשׁוּרִים קְשׁוּרִים אַתֶּם or) אַתֶּם קְשׁוּרִים .you are bound אַתֶּן קְשׁוּרוֹת ,(קְשׁוּרִים הֵם or) הֵם קְשׁוּרִים .they are bound הֵן קְשׁוּרוֹת

EXERCISE XXXI.

Write the present tense, both in active and passive, of the following verbs:

to hide; to support;

to guard; p to weigh.

The

§ 43. THE NIPHAL.

The characteristic sign of Niphal is the praeformative

afformatives of the past, and the praeformatives and afformatives of the future, are identical with those of Kal. Hence the following is the conjugation:

6. The dagesh forte in the infinitive, imperative, and future, arises from the assimilation of the characteristic to the first radical letter

while in the other persons tsere prevails, which vowel returns in pausa if it disappeared in consequence of the accession of afformatives, as

into segol, if it loses the tone either on account of a following makkeph or for some other reason, as

Tsere in the last syllable is changed יִקְשֵׁרוּ-יִקְשְׁרוּ תִּקְשֵׁרִי - תִּקְשְׁרִי

-.(1 .see $ 17. ii) הִקָּשֶׁר־בּוֹ אֶקָשֶׁר־בּוֹ the imperative נִקְשְׁרָה אֶקְשְׁרָה paragogicum is ה The future with is distinguished from the third person (נִקְשָׁר) The participle- הִקְשְׁרָה

singular of the past (p) by the kamets in the last syllable.

EXERCISE XXXII.

I. Conjugate the Niphal of the following verbs:

to compare; to draw;

II. Translate the following forms :

to support; p to stone;

.to destroy שָׁמַד ; to fasten עָמַד

844.-THE PIEL AND PUAL.

The distinguishing mark of the two intensive modifications Piel and Pual is dagesh forte in the second radical:

קַשֶׁר and קשר .Absol קשר .Constr