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; חוֹרְשֵׁי .ii.), stat. constr .24 8) חוֹרְשִׁים ploughman-plural חוֹרֵשׁ

4. To segolate nouns having as second letter or, which in the absolute state of the plural rests in cholem or tsere; e.g.

; אוֹנִי .iv. 2), stat. constr .24 8) אוֹנִים iniquity-plural אָוֶן

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אֵילִים

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ז

איל

5. To words the last letter of which is properly double; e.g,

; עַמִּי .vi.), stat. constr .24 8) עַמִּים people-plural עם

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II. Words with pure kamets in the ultima and an invariable vowel in the penultima, change the kamets into sh'va mobile, or, if it stands under a guttural, into chateph-pathach; e.g.

; כּוֹכְבֵי .i. 2), stat. constr .24 $) כּוֹכָבִים star-plural כּוֹכָב

) מַלְאָכִים, - angel מַלְאָךְ )

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III. Words with pure kamets or tsere both in the ultima and the penultima, take a short auxiliary chirek, or with gutturals, pathach, since the vowels of both syllables are shortened into sh'va; e.g.

proverb מָשָׁל ;(מִשְׁלֵי for) מִשְׁלֵי .iii.), stat. const .24 8) מְשָׁלִים .plur

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—humble עָנָו ) עֲנָוִים

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99

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– short קָצֵר court חָצֵר

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As the construct state of the plural is considered to be formed immediately from the absolute state, the third letter of the noun, if an aspirate (1, 1, 7, etc.), receives no dagesh lene, although the preceding syllable has the appearance of being both short and closed

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IV. The segolate-nouns follow, on the whole, the same rules as those just stated; they take an auxiliary vowel under the first consonant, and have no dagesh lene in the third radical, if this is an aspirate; but that auxiliary vowel is either pathach, chirek, or

kamets chatuph, in accordance with the original vowel of the words ($ 22. 5. f) ; e.g.

- way דֶּרֶךְ ; (דְרְכֵי for) דַּרְכֵי .stat. constr ,דְּרָכִים plural

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The words of the form which begin with ♬ or Y, take segol in the penultima instead of chirek or pathach (comp. § 16. 8); e.g.

.stat. constr ,חֲלָקִים portion-plural חֵלֶק ; חֶלְקֵי

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B.—THE PLURAL TERMINATION Лi

is retained in the construct state, since the consonant is considered too strong to be discarded. Hence

I. The construct state of the plural coincides with the absolute state,

-depth מְצוּלָה .If the words have unchangeable vowels; e.g .1 princess (שָׂרָה for) שָׂרָה חֲקוֹת-statute חָקָה מְצוּלוֹת .plur

TT

and ; שָׂרוֹת

,in which cases, however ," - ת or - ת If the words end in .2

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2

n

they cannot have kamets before the termination Лi (§ 24. vii.);

though the ,טַבְּעוֹת - ring טַבַּעַת ; עַצְבוֹת - grief עֲצֶבֶת .e.g טַבָּעוֹת absolute state is

II. (a). Words with pure kamets or tsere in the syllable preceding the termination, change those vowels into sh'va mobile, or, if the first consonant of that syllable is a guttural, into chateph-pathach; e.g.

; יְפוֹת .stat. constr ,יָפוֹת beautiful-plural יָפָה -miracle נִפְלָאָה ,נִפְלָאוֹת, ; נִפְלְאוֹת -counsel עֲצָה ,עֲצוֹת

; עֲצוֹת תּוֹעֲבוֹת

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-abomination תּוֹעֵבָה , תּוֹעֵבוֹת,

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(b). If the syllable which has the pure vowel begins with sh'va, an auxiliary vowel, chirek, pathach, or segol, is rendered necessary (see § 27. B. iii. b); e.g.

; (צְדְקוֹת for) צִדְקוֹת .stat. constr ,צְדָקוֹת .justice-plur צְדָקָה

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III. The segolate-nouns, therefore, convert the pure kamets of the absolute state of the plural into sh’va, and then take their original vowel in the new or auxiliary syllable (§ 22. 5.ƒ); e.g.

; (נְעֲרוֹת for) נַעֲרוֹת .stat. constr נְעָרוֹת .girl - plur נַעֲרָה

.(אֲמְרוֹת () אִמְרוֹת

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- speech אָמְרָה

T:

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The third radical, if an aspirate, has no dagesh lene, for a reason stated before (A. iii. iv.); e.g.

לְשָׁכוֹת .plur ;(לִשְׁכוֹת for) לִשְׁכוֹת .stat. constr

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- queen מַלְכָּה ,מְלָכוֹת -desolation חָרְבָּה ,חָרָבוֹת

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whereas the construct state of the singular takes dagesh in such cases, because it is more directly connected with the absolute state of the

מַלְכָּה with מַלְכַּת לִשְׁכָּה with לִשְׁכַּת same number, as

a

EXERCISE XVIII.

Write the status constructus of the plural of the following words:

(A. i. 5) verdure; needy; a powerful; 1 ji lord; 17 (sg. a) foundation; 78 mighty;

path ; rich;

Sharing;17(fem., sg.) threshing-floor;

(sg. a) stone;

∞ (fem., sg.) blood; fat, splendour; companion; wise; (sg.) fat;

n (sg. i) winepress; (f.) nail; priest; (sg. a) vineyard;

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-messen מַלְאָךְ ;heatמוֹקֵד ;origin מוֹצָא ; fountain מַבּוּעַ ; luminary מָאוֹר ;path מַעֲגֶל ; ford מַעְבָּרָה ; kingdom מַמְלָכָה ;sg.a) king) מֶלֶךְ ;ger, angel מִקְדָּשׁ ; monument מַצֵבָה ; battle-array, army מַעֲרֶכֶת ; counsel מַעֲרָךְ

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sanctuary; height; (sg. i) vessel; y (sg. i) stroke; (sg. i) nose-ring, ear-ring; (sg.) drop; W (șg.) boy; NĮ prince ;

river; YD‡ (sg. i) plant;

(sg. i) eagle; (sg.) opposite side; (sg., m.) and

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py deceitful; raven ;

reed;

wicked; nay (f.) rest, sabbath;

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dish; p

(sg.)

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§ 29. THE DUAL.

1. The dual, which, at an earlier period of the language, was probably one of the regular numbers common to all nouns, is in the Books of the Old Testament chiefly found of those substantives which denote the double members or organs of the human and animal body, as hands, eyes, horns, and of those expressing objects which consist of two chief or component parts, as scales, mill-stones, a pair of tongs. Adjectives never have the dual.

2. The termination of the absolute state of the dual is D, and that of the construct state; and nouns ending in change the into before taking those terminations; e.g. pi leg-pi, 'piv;

רִקְמָתַיִם -variegated garment רִקְמָה

T

3. As regards the vowels, the dual undergoes precisely the same modifications as the plural, both in the absolute and the construct state. It will, therefore, suffice to give examples closely corresponding to the various classes specified with respect to the formation of the plural (§ 24); but it must be remarked in addition, that the absolute dual, particularly that of the segolate-nouns, shortens its vowels sometimes to a greater extent than the absolute plural, after the analogy of the construct state of this number; e.g. DVD step, time

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2. Words with changeable kamets in the ultima and an unchangeable vowel in the penultima :

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II. Words with changeable tsere in the ultima and an unchangeable vowel in the penultima:

scale מאזֵן

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III. Words with a changeable or unchangeable vowel in the ultima and a pure kamets or tsere in the penultima:

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IV. The dual of segolate-nouns is regarded as being directly

derived from the original forms, and hence the third letter, if an aspirate, generally takes dagesh lene, both in the construct and the

for) בִּרְכַּיִם - knee (בִּרְךְ originally) בֶּרֶךְ shorter absolute state, as בִּרְכֵּי (בְּרָכַיִם

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VI. Words the last letter of which is properly double:

; כַּפִּי כַּפַּיִם palm of the hand - dual כַּף

tooth שֵׁן .שְׁנִישְׁנַיִם dual

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VII. 1. Feminines ending in, with a changeable vowel in the preceding syllable:

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4. Some nouns occur only in the dual, though they have the mean

cymbal מְצַלֶת ; מְצַלְתַּיִם dual fetter נְחֹשֶׁת

.heaven (st שָׁמַיִם (מֵי .water (st. const מַיִם ing of the singular, as Jerusalem ; no doubt in harmony with their יְרְוּשָׁלַיִם, שְׁמֵי .const

primitive, but now obscure or uncertain signification.

EXERCISE XIX.

Write the absolute and the construct state of the dual of the following nouns :

The words which form the status absolutus with the shorter vowels of the status constructus (see supra No. 3), are marked with an asterisk.

thousand; (vi.) nose;

(sg. a) door; 777 (sg. a) way;

Thand; day; thigh;

D

in dual soles of the feet; ♫¬ in dual loins; ° (sg.) fist;

talent; (sg. i) double;

in dual pair of מֶלְקָח ; in dual drawers מִכְנָס ; in dual legs כָּרָע shoes נַעַל ; stream נָהָר ; in dual loins מֹתֶן" ; rebellion מָרָה ; tongs .gear שָׁנָה ;in dual sevenfold שִׁבְעָה ; sg. e) foot) רֶגֶל ; border פּאָה

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