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(d). into '?, before the weak letter' provided with sh’va; §.9.

?

אֱלֹהִים .before ; e.g ל and sometimes into ;לִיהוֹנָתָן Jonathan יְהוֹנָתָן

God

(§ 17. iii.,1, 3) ; and

(e). into 2, (la), or, if it includes the article, for,,,

or

; לְהֶ to the לַחֹבֶל ; to the man לָאִישׁ ; to the prophets לִנְבִיאִים .e.g ;

sailor; to the poor (§21. 5).

3. The vocative is generally expressed by the noun with the article; e.g. O boy! (1 Sam. xvii. 58); DO heavens ! (Deut. xxxii. 1; comp. Isai. xxi. 5; Ezek. xxxvii. 4); and sometimes by the simple noun without the article; e.g. earth! D heavens! (Isai. i. 2; comp. Jer. xxii. 29; Ps. cxlviii. 2—4).

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4. (a). There is, however, one termination which may be regarded as pointing to an early beginning of a declension, namely the toneless syllable, which, mostly appended to the singular, denotes the direction to the place implied by the noun, and which is therefore called locale; e.g. in Hebron-in to or towards Hebron;

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(b). The segolate-nouns the original vowels of which are a or o, resume or retain them before locale; e.g. (for) chamber

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while those which have originally i take for the most part tsere

2

2

or segol; e.g.□ east door; south. (c). The nouns the last letter of which is properly doubled, are furnished with dagesh forte in that consonant, while their vowels are, on the whole, changed in the same manner as before the plural terminations (§ 24. vi.), except that the long vowel kamets may remain, since it does not lose the tone; e.g. TY (for TT) side-; Gath— 7 and 7Ƒa; D sea— to the sea (but D'', see § 11. 4. c, d). (d). Nouns in change this termination into before locale; e.g. Gaza-nniy.

Translate into Hebrew:

2

EXERCISE XVI.

2

The preposition to is to be rendered by the dative, towards or into by locale.

To Joseph (i); the wind (acc.); O princes! (, § 24, vi.); to words (7); to the words; to the Egyptian women (); to Bilhah (); to a mouth (); to the mouth; to assistance ();

2

to the wise man (D); to wise men; to the wise men; towards Gibeah (); the Arabians (acc.); to a son (); to the son; O son! to eternity (); to a curtain (); to valleys (p); to the valleys; into the shade (>); to Eliphaz (1); to a dream (Diby); to the dream; to a ship ('); to the ship; into the house (2); to a fool ("); to the fool; to a land (, sg. a); to the land; into a land; to a foundation (TID); to months (); to the months; to righteous men (); to the righteous men; towards Kedesh (, sg. i); towards Riblah (7); to a stranger (); to the stranger; to the sword (); towards Timnah (DN).

§ 26. THE GENITIVE: CONSTRUCT STATE. 1. The Hebrew language shares with other Shemitic idioms a peculiar mode of expressing the relations of the genitive case. To illustrate it by an example, let the following two propositions be compared: they made a covenant, and they made a covenant of peace. In the former, the word covenant has full and undivided weight; in the latter, the chief stress lies on peace, while covenant has only a subordinate tone, which is no less apparent if the term covenant of peace is changed into its equivalent peace-covenant. Analogously to such English compound terms, the connection between a substantive and its dependent genitive is conveyed in Hebrew, but with this difference, that the governing noun retains the first place, while it is made the inferior word as regards the tone, which hastens on towards the dependent substantive, since this bears the principal emphasis of the complex notion. The governing noun, thus deprived of a part of its force, is said to be in the construct state or status constructus, and it will be easily understood that, pressed to a more rapid pronunciation, it shows a decided tendency to shorten its variable vowels, and to modify or throw off the weaker consonants of the terminations. For instance,

; בְּרִית שָׁלוֹם and covenant of peace ,שָׁלוֹם peace בְּרִית covenant is

tongue is, wisdom, and the tongue of wisdom or wisdom's tongue. While, therefore, in other languages the dependent genitive is modified, in Hebrew the governing noun is liable to changes. All substantives which are not in the construct state, are described as being in the absolute state or status absolutus.

2. Two, three, and more nouns in the construct state may naturally follow in succession; e.g. the rest of the number of the archers of the heroes of the sons of Kedar (Isai. xxi. 17; comp. x. 12; Josh. iii. 11).

§ 27.-THE CONSTRUCT STATE OF THE SINGULAR.

In forming the construct from the absolute state of the singular, the following rules are observed:

A. IF THE WORDS HAVE NO FEMININE TERMINATION. I. Identical in the absolute and construct state are

1. The nouns and adjectives with unchangeable vowels, as di ruler, ♫ portion,

cup,

garment,

last two having impure kamets);

present (the

שֶׁם

2. Monosyllables with tsere, or plurisyllables with tsere in the ultima and an unchangeable vowel in the penultima, as name, guardian;

שׁוֹמֵר

3. The monosyllables which have properly the last syllable double (§ 22. 5. e), and are not provided with the vowel kamets (see iii.), as poor, tooth, perfect, nor followed by makkeph, -W, DA (§ 17. ii. 1); and

4. Most of the segolate-nouns, as bread, boy, y deed, ornament. However,

II. Segolate-nouns with or as second radical, let those weak letters rest in tsere or cholem respectively, as in the plural (§ 24. iv. 2);

נִי or גֵיא-valley גֵי or גַּיְא ; אוֹן injustice אָוֶן ; עֵין-eye עַיִן .e.g

III. Monosyllables with pure kamets, or plurisyllables with pure kamets in the ultima and an unchangeable vowel in the penultima, take pathach instead of kamets; e.g. Dy (from Day) people-Dy;

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IV. Words with an unchangeable vowel in the ultima and a pure kamets or tsere in the penultima, convert the latter vowels into sh'va, or if standing under a guttural, into chateph-pathach; e.g. Tihonour

-pain עִצָבוֹן ;מְשִׁיב - restoring מֵשִׁיב ; אֲדוֹן lord אָדוֹן ; כְּבוֹד ,עַצְבוֹן

or more frequently without the dagesh forte, jiy (§ 5. 5).

If the kamets or tsere of the penultima is preceded by sh❜va mobile, the construct state forms, of course, a short vowel, chirek ́or pathach, instead of the two sh'vas which would successively follow (§ 4. 6. a);

.(6 .comp. B. iii ;רְעֲבוֹן instead of) רַעֲבוֹן-famine רְעָבוֹן .e.g

V. Words with pure kamets or tsere both in the ultima and the penultima, replace the vowel of the former by pathach, that, of the

heart לֵבָב ; אֲבַק -dust אָבָק, ; זְהַב-gold זָהָב .latter by shva ; e.g חֲסַר wanting חָסֵר ; שְׁפַל humble שָׁפֵל ; עֲנָב-grape עֵנָב ; לְבָב

VI. Words ending in 7 change this termination into, and

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any variable vowel that precedes is shortened into sh'va; e.g.

שְׂדֵה-field שָׂדֶה ; מַרְאֵה-appearance

B.--IF THE WORDS HAVE A FEMININE TERMINATION.

I. The nouns ending in ~ and -~ remain unaltered; e.g.

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reproof תּוֹכַחַת ; observance מִשְׁמֶרֶת

T

II. In order to effect a closer connection with the following substantive, the termination is invariably altered into, and if the preceding vowels are unchangeable, no other modification takes place; e.g. song

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; נְבִיאַת - prophetess נְבִיאָה; שִׁירַת trouble (צַדָּה for) צָרָה; וְקַת-statute חָקָה מִצְוַת-command מִצְוָה The same is the case with, קָמַת - enemy (קום from) קָמָה ; צָרַתשַׁלְוַת rest (שֶׁלֶו from) שַׁלְוָה the feminines of the segolate-nouns, as But .דִּמְעַת tear (דֶמַע from) דִּמְעָה; אַהֲבַת-love (אַהַב from) אַהֲבָה

1) rest-nhw;

III. (a). Words ending in which have pure kamets or tsere in the preceding syllable, change these vowels into sh'va mobile; e.g.

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(b). If sh❜va mobile precedes such kamets or tsere, it is converted into short chirek, or, if the sh'va is under or before a guttural, into pathach or segol (as in A. iv. ; § 4. 6. a); eg. revenge

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Write the construct state of the singular of the following words:

(sg.) mourning; 1 (sg.) stone; dust, powder;

(sg.)

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(sg.) tent; & light; strength; stranger; blood; ¶¶ splendour; ¡P! elder; vin arm, might; (sg.) seed; destitute; breast; wise (m.); wise (f.); wisdom; ♫♫ flint; ♫ beautiful (m.); M≥ beautiful (f.); P, dear (m.); p' dear (f.);

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destruction; throne;, 17 (1. 3) heart; wreath; (sg.)

כְּלָיוֹן,;strength כֹּחַ, ;priesthood כְּהְנָה ; priest כֹּהֵן ; mail יָתֵד

; measure מִדָּה ; luminary מָאוֹר ; sg.) cell) לִשְׁכָּה ; tongue לָשׁוֹן ; might מִנְחָה ; sale מִמְכָּר ;angel מַלְאָךְ ; rain מָטָר ; prompt, able מָהִיר מִקְנֶה ; assembly מִקְוֶה ; sanctuary מִקְדָּשׁ ; statue מַעֲבָה ; present נָוֶה ; proverb מָשָׁל ; appearance מַרְאֶה ; acquisition מִקְנָה ; property ;

;

habitation; Nazarite; (sg.) inheritance; p? purity;

נָקִי ; path מַעְגָּל ; plantation מַטְע ; appointed time, festival מוֹעֵד

pure; bay (8g.) calf (m.); nhay (sg.) calf (f.); D'V (sg.) bird of prey;

עָסִיס ; collar עֲנָק ;bough עָנָף ;cloud עָנָן ; concerna עִנְיָן ; humility עֲנָוָה

must; dust;, time; N border; (I. 3) piece (of bread);

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קְהִלָּה ; assembly, congregation קָהָל ; clangour צְלָעָל ; shadown צֵל קְעָרָה ; purchase קִנְיָן ; reed קָנֶה ; curse קְלָלָה ; voice קול ; assembly ; ;

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dish; p. (I. 3) end; end; short; hard (m.);

; booty שָׁלָל ;inhabitant שָׁכֵן ;roaring שְׁאָנָה ;shepherd רֹעֶה ;(.hard (f .desire תַּאֲוָה ;reward שָׂכָר ;satisfied שָׂבֵעַ ;sg.) oil) שֶׁמֶן

§ 28. THE CONSTRUCT STATE OF THE PLURAL. The construct state of the plural is derived directly from the absolute state of the same number, and as the general character of the status constructus is that of close connection with the following noun, more considerable changes become necessary in the plural than in the singular on account of the terminations D'— and Ni. As regards

A.-WORDS WITH THE PLURAL TERMINATION D'—, they change, as a fundamental rule, this ending into the lighter form; for by throwing off the liquid □, a more intimate relation with the governed genitive is possible. If after this change, the word consists exclusively of invariable vowels, it undergoes no other modification; but if it contains a variable kamets or tsere, these vowels are usually shortened in accordance with the general principles of tone and vocalisation. Therefore,

I. The simple and general rule applies, without any additional alteration,

I. To words with unchangeable vowels; e.g.

garment לְבוּשׁ window חַלּוֹן

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2. To words with an unchangeable vowel in the ultima and a

changeable kamets or tsere in the penultima; e.g.

prince נָשִׂיא - rich עָשִׁיר

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, - interpreter מֵלִיץ ) מְלִיצִים

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3. To words with changeable tsere in the ultima and an unchange

able vowel in the penultima; e.g.

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