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desolation (from, n), ny girl (from 7,7),

cap

tivity (from, ); and if the second letter is one of the weak consonants or, it usually rests, respectively, in cholem or tsere, e.g. i, injustice (from, ), ' power (from, >'), though also occurs (see § 34. iii. 5).

EXERCISE XIV.

1. Which of the following words are masculine, and which feminine? which common? and which epicene?

שֶׂה ;Euphrates פְּרָת ; Samaria שֹׁמְרוֹן ;preacher קֹהֶלֶת ; foot רֶגֶל

vine; measure;

lamb, Memphis, the people of Moab;

; help יְשׁוּעָה ; stork חֲסִידָה ; the land of Moab מוֹאָב ;folly סִכְלוּת שְׁאֵרִית ; Sivan, the third month סיון; Lebanon לְבָנוֹן ;dog כֶּלֶב ;eye עַיִן שִׂמְחָה תּוֹר ;remnant

in turtle-dove; y joy; pan Tigris; the district of

;Mount Seir שֵׂעִיר ;seal חֹחֶמֶת ;eagle נֶשֶׁר ;ring טְבַּעַת ;hand יָד ;Sear ; pigeon יוֹנָה ;justice צְדָקָה ; Canaan כְּנַעַן ;way דֶּרֶךְ ; Nineveh נִינְוֵה Nisan, the first נִיסָן ; Ethiopia כּוּשׁ ; structure תַּבְנִית ; letter אִגֶרֶת

month; camel; Babylon; shoulder; court; ji3 Zion (Jerusalem); NY flock; D Egypt, the nation and the land; brood; Bul, the eighth (or rainy) month; D bread;

;reproof תּוֹחַבַת ;bee דְּבוֹרָה ;finger אֶצְבַּע ;reward מַשְׂכֹּרֶת ;Nile יְאוֹר .beauty תּפארת

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2. Define the segolate-nouns, and state their principal forms.

§ 23. THE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

GENERAL RULES.

1. As a broad rule it may be stated, that the plural of masculine nouns and adjectives is formed by adding the termination D to the singular; and the plural of the feminines, by changing — into Лi, or if the singular has no characteristic feminine termination, by adding

T

precept עֵדָה טוֹבִים good טוֹב witnesses עֵדִים witness עֵד .e.g ;וֹת wells. The בְּאֵרוֹת-well בְּאֵר ;טוֹבוֹת good טוֹבָה,precepts עֵדוֹת

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4. In the poetical, and in some of the later prosaical Books, the plural

of the masculine is sometimes, instead of D', the two liquids

חַין others,b אֲחֵרִין *,islands אִין .and being interchanged; e.g מ

life,

messengers.d

5. By a remarkable peculiarity, many masculine nouns have in the plural the feminine termination, and many feminine nouns the masculine termination D', while others fluctuate between D' and

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m.) generation) דּוֹר ; יוֹנִים - pigeon יוֹנָה ; אָבוֹת - father אָב .e.g ; וֹת -This irregu שְׁנוֹת and שָׁנִים- f) year) שָׁנָה ; דּוֹרוֹת and דּוֹרִים

larity, however, has no influence on the meaning and the gender of the nouns.

6. Some substantives occur in the plural only, either with the signification of the plural or of the singular; e.g. D'y intestines, □“Ț life :f D' has the sense both of face and faces. Other nouns are only used in the singular, but with plural signification; e.g. Y sheep, oxen or cows; while lamb and ox or cow are employed for the singular.

§ 24. THE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

SPECIAL RULES.

I. 1. The rule stated at the beginning of the preceding section applies to all nouns and adjectives composed of unchangeable syl

-girdle חֲגוֹרָה; צוּרִים rock has in the plural צור lables only ; thus חָרָשׁ אֲשֶׁרוֹת and אֲשֶׁרִים- Ashtarte (אֲשִׁירָה for) אֲשֵׁרָה ; חֲגוֹרוֹת ,The pathach furtivum .סְכּוֹת tent סְכָּה אַ; חָרָשִׁים smith (חַבָּשׁ for)

TIT

which is no full vowel, but merely an auxiliary sound to assist the pronunciation (§ 16. 5), is lost before the plural termination; e.g.

רוחות wind רוּחַ ; שִׂיחִים shrub

2. The same rule suffices for words with changeable kamets in the ultima and an unchangeable vowel in the penultima; e.g. DVD judg

יָפוֹת-beautiful יָפָה; מִשְׁפָּחוֹת-family מִשְׁפָּחָה ; מִשְׁפָּטִים-ment

In these and the following rules, the termination is not regarded as forming an essential syllable; hence in , for instance, is treated as the ultima, as the penultima.

a Ezek. xxvi. 18. b Job xxxi. 10. c Job xxiv. 22.

d 2 Ki. xi. 13; comp. Judg. v. 10; 1 Ki. xi. 33; Ezek. iv. 9; xxvi. 18; Mic. iii. 12; Prov. xxxi. 3; Lam. i. 4; Dan. xii. 13.

e A complete list of such words will be found in Part II. § xxiii. 5.

f More loc. cit. 6.
And so

(Prov. x. 4) diligent men; D'pp (2 Ki. ix. 32; xx. 18) officers; D'Y (Job vi. 23) violent men; D (Gen. 1. 9; 1 Sam. xiii. 5; 2 Sam. viii. 4, etc.) horsemen; from for ♫, etc.

II. However, if a changeable tsere is in the last and an unchangeable vowel in the preceding syllable, the words with a feminine termination form indeed the plural after the general rule; but the words without such termination change the tsere into sh'va mobile, or if the first letter of the ultima is a guttural, into chateph-pathach;

-

-heap עֲרֵמָה ; עֵצוֹת counsel עֵצָה ; תּוֹעֵבוֹת abomination תּוֹעֵבָה .e.g ; מַקְלוֹת-staf מַקֵל ; שׁוֹפְטִים - judge שׁוֹפֵט but ; עֲרֵמוֹת and עֲרֵמִים מְוֹעֲדוֹת and מְוֹעֲדִים-appointed time מוֹעֵד

רֵעִים-friend רֵעַ ; שֵׁמוֹת - name שֵׁם; עֲצִים-tree

Yet monosyllables with tsere invariably retain this vowel; e.g.

III. If the ultima has an unchangeable or changeable vowel, but the penultima either a changeable kamets or a changeable tsere, these latter vowels are converted into sh'va mobile, or if the first consonant of the syllable is a guttural, into chateph-pathach; e.g.,

holy

white לָבָן מְלִיצִים - interpreter מֵלִיץ ; עֲשִׁירִים - rich עָשִׁיר קְדוֹשִׁים ; לְבָבוֹת and לְבָבִים - heart לֵבָב ; חֲדָשִׁים - we0 חָדָשׁ; לְבָנִים

grape-; for as the tone moves forward to the terminations Dandi, the penultima with pure kamets or tsere is made to occupy the second place from the tone, and hence requires sh'va (§ 17.ii. 2).

If the consonant, the vowel of which is thus changed into sh'va, has dagesh forte, this may be omitted; e.g. tablet '? (§ 5. 5).

IV. 1. The plural of the segolate-nouns has sh'vą mobile under the first, and kamets under the second consonant; but the sh'va mobile is replaced by chateph-pathach if the first letter is a guttural, and by chateph-kamets if, besides, the original, vowel of the noun is o; e.g.

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2. If the second letter of the noun is or, it rests, respectively, in the homogeneous vowel cholem or tsere; e.g. iniquity—D'ŞİN

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4. Segolate-nouns with a feminine ending, undergo the same modification of vowels as that described; eg. girl-niny; nņpy joy-ninpy; nbiy or

V. Words terminating in

child-;) injustice-by.

change this syllable into '-; e.g.

מַעֲשִׂים deed מַעֲשֶׂה רֹעִים shepherd רֹעֶה

VI. Words the last letter of which is properly doubled, take dagesh forte in that letter, and generally shorten the vowel; as Dy or by people

.17 8) צַדִּים-side צַד תְּמִים-integrity תם ; זְקִים-fetter זֵק ; עַמִּים

ii. 3); but pathach remains frequently unaltered, as poor-D'??. If the last letter is a guttural, the vowel, if long, is retained; if

מָרִים-bitter מַר ; פָּרִים-bull פָּר or פַר .short, it is prolonged; e.g

לַחִים -moist לַח .preceded by a short vowel; e.g

However, may have dagesh forte implicitum (§, 16. 2), and is then

VII. The feminines in ♬ and take instead of these terminations, and generally lose the preceding vowel, which is changed into sh’va mobile; e.g. y grief-nixy; npn division— nip?no; naha tunic-nin (for nine; § 4. 6. a).

However, the vowel kamets is not unfrequently inserted before the plural termination, and sometimes cholem becomes chateph-kamets; knife-barp; nain reproof—ninpin; naha tunie

e.g.

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EXERCISE XV.

Write the plural of the following nouns and adjectives with the definite article:

The words are of masculine gender, except if distinguishable as feminines by their terminations, or if accompanied by the letter f, which stands for feminine.-sg. means segolate-noun.-The number (vi.), added in parenthesis, points to the sixth class above described, comprising the words the last consonant of which is properly doubled.

¡i'needy; 18 mighty; ↳ mourning; (sg.) stone; MAN knot ;

"

love; (sg.) love; firebrand; fool; is strength; iN (f.) sign; dumb; (f.,sg.) path; (vi.) ploughshare; T1 (sg.) gar

אוֹת

(.6g) אֲהַב ; sg.) foundation) אֶרֶן, ; land אֲדָמָה ; lord אָדוֹן ; letter אִבֶּרֶת אהב

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stranger; 17(vi.) bear; fat; companion; ND (sg.) sin; (sg.) might; wise; wise; (sg.) fat; ? (sg., N) necklace; (sg.) desire; deaf; '♫ Hittite (f.); wy, dry; Pai' suckling; (sg.) child; p! (sg.) winepress; dear; p! dear; (f.) nail;, Din orphan; priest; (sg.) reins ; 77, (sg., ) lion;,177 white; (sg.) flame; (sg.) incantation; TE lamp; (sg.) cell; hundred; fat, rich; messenger, angel; sailor; (sg.) king;

full;

2 (sg.)

; height מָרוֹם ; sorcerer מְעוֹנֵן ; portion מָנֶה ; kingdom מַמְלָכָה ; queen ; fool, wicked נָבָל ; the second מִשְׁנֶה ;.proverb מָשָׁל ;anointed מָשׁוּחַ

(sg.) skin bottle; prince; (sg.) stroke; D (sg.) nose-ring,

ear-ring;

libation;

(sg.) river;
pleasant;

eagle; (sg) secret; 2 chariot; 571 and

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(sg.)

serpent; (sg.) plant; (sg.) boy;77(sg.) nard; (sg.) (sg.) opposite side; 7 (sg.) calf ; babe; blind; 19, (vi., a) strong; (vi.) goat; (vi.) strength; by Ammonite (f.); Dy labouring; humble; (sg., ) foliage; (sg.) grief; py perverse; raven; plane-tree; D side; ornament; (vi.) snare; (sg.) fear; judge; halting; (sg.) deed; villager; ♫ (vi., i) piece (of bread); 'n (sg.) silly;

cloud;

; jealousy (58) קִנְאָה ; holy קָדוֹשׁ ; vi.) adversary) צַר ; frog צְפַרְדֵּעַ רַגְלִי ; vi., a) much) רַב ; seer רֹאֶה ;hard קָשֶׁה ; bowl קְעָרָה ; reed קָנֶה

foot-soldier; y (sg.) moment; (vi.) evil; friend; yn shepherd; shepherdess; (sg.) shield; (sg.) oil; eight, plur. eighty; w (sg.) badger; 'n lowest (f.);

desolation; p crimson; a satisfied; (sg.) he-goat, buck.

§ 25. THE DATIVE, ACCUSATIVE, AND VOCATIVE;

LOCALE.

1. The Hebrew noun has developed no terminations to indicate the cases, and cannot, therefore, be said to have a proper declension. The dative both of the singular, the dual, and the plural is usually expressed by the prefix?, an abbreviated form of the preposition

to;

while the accusative is conveyed by the particle N, or " with makkeph (§ 17. ii. 1); e.g. phy Isaac - dative P to Isaac;

.Isaac אֶת־יִצְחָק or אֶת יִצְחָק accusative

2. The modifications which, under certain conditions, the prefix?

undergoes, have been explained before; namely, it is changed

(a). into?, if the first consonant of the noun has simple sh’va; e.g. ''), prophets — to prophets (§ 4. 6. a);

(b). into 2,5, or (lo), if the first consonant has compound sh'va ;

-tents אָהָלִים; לֶעֶזוּז

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(c). into(la), if it stands before a tone-syllable; e.g. might—

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