If a letter with sh'va follows after interrogativum, it has fre הַרְאִיתֶם הַצְרִי הַכְּרֹנֶת הַלְבֵן .quently dagesh forte; e.g EXERCISE XII. 1. State how in each of the following examples D is to be read, whether, or 2, or ? Name also the instances in which dagesh forte conjunctivum is admissible. ז ז מה אָרְצָה - מה הֶגֶה-מה חָלֶד -מה אֲדַבֵּר - מה רָאוּ - מה אֵלֶּה מה עָשִׂיתָ – מה־יָכֹלְתִּי – מה עָמַלְתִּי – מה־שְׁמוֹ – מה הָאָדָם מה חַבְלִי - מה חָדָשׁ-מה עֵדוּת - מה חִצְיוֹן - מה עזוֹ -מה־עָזַרְתָּ מה הודו - מה הִלֵל - מה חָטָאתִי-מה עָנוּ-מה רָמוּ-מה אֶתְבּוֹנֵן מה־לָךְ - מה אַדִּיר – מה חָזוּ – מה הָגָה – מה חֵילוֹ – מה אֶפְעַל מה הָדָר - מה הָפַךְ - מה חַטָאתִי -- 2. Supply the vowels under the he interrogativum in the following words: 1. There exists in Hebrew no word for the indefinite article. The original form of the definite article was, undoubtedly, >, as the kindred dialects prove, but the is uniformly assimilated to the following letter (§ 5. 2); therefore, the definite article is with dagesh forte in the first consonant of the word before which it stands, and to which it is inseparably joined; it is the same for the various נָשִׁים ; the prophet הַנָּבִיא a prophet נָבִיא .genders and numbers ; e.g ;the two hands הַיָּדַיִם-to hands יָדַיִם ; the momen הַנָּשִׁים-women הַטוֹב-good טוֹב הַזֶּה this זֶה .nouns ; e.g and it is applied in the same manner before nouns, adjectives, and pro a Gen. xvii. 17; xxxvii. 32; Jer. viii. 22; 1 Sam. x. 24; comp. Gen. xvii. 21; Numb. xiii. 20; Isa, x....vii. 2. As the gutturals (,,, y, and 7) do not take dagesh forte (§ 5. 4), the following modifications of the principal rule become necessary: (a). If the first letter of the word is or, the article is in all instances, the dagesh forte being omitted, while, as a compensation, the pathach is prolonged into kamets (§ 16. 1); e.g. stone הָרוּחַ wind רוּחַ ; הָאֶבֶן (b). If the first letter is with any vowel except kamets, the article is likewise ; e.g., the pillar, pay the valley, .the world הָעוֹלָם,the toon הָעִיר the calf, (c). The same is the case, if the first letter of the word is or y with kamets (, ), and the first syllable has the tone; e.g. the cloud. (d). But if words beginning with syllable, the article is; e.g. (comp. § 16. 9). TIT or have not the tone on this the multitude, the cloud TI (e). If the first syllable has Д, the article is in all cases ; e.g. the court, the feast (f). If the first letter has or with any vowel except kamets (as ,,,, etc.), the article is simply, and the gustural has dagesh forte implicitum (§ 16. 2); e.g. in the splendour, ' the living, the riddle, the wisdom (1 Ki. vii. 14; for the under ♬ is kamets chatuph, § 15. 3. a). T 3. If the word begins with sh'va, and especially if, moreover, the first letter is or, or one of the liquids,,, the dagesh forte is generally omitted after the article ; e.g. TD (2 Chr. xxii. 5), 2D (Am. ii. 13); but it may also be retained, as D (Jer. xxvi. 20), (Eccl. xi. 5; see § 5. 5).a 4. Some monosyllables with the vowel pathach, if preceded by the article, take kumets instead of the short vowel, evidently because the article enhances the weight of the word; viz. mountain the רַע הַאָר- adversary צַר ;הַפָּר- bull פַּר ; הָעָם- people עַם ; mountains הָאָרֶץ אַרְץ land (for אֶרֶץ and ;(הָרַע besides) הָרָע- evil 5. If the article follows after one of the particles in, as, or to, the is usually omitted, and the consonants,, and receive the vowel with which the would be provided; e.g. the rain a Comp. 1 Sam. xxiv. 31; 2 Ki. ix. 11; Jer. vi. 2; Ezek. xvi. 32; xlvi. 24. in the toons בֶּעָרִים-the toons הֶעָרִים; לְהַמָּטָר to the rain (instead of as the sword (instead בַּחֶרֶב-the sword הַחֶרֶב ; (בְּהֶעָרִים instead of) ; לְהָאָדָם to the man (instead of לָאָדָם - the man הָאָדָם ; (כְּהַחֶרֶב of ; TTIT TTIT comp. § 17. iii. 3). လ ; wealth עשֶׁר ; wheat חָטָה ; wise חָכָם ; (בְּ evening (and with עֶרֶב רָקִיעַ ; faith אֱמוּנָה ; last אַחֲרוֹן ; wanderer הִלֵךְ ;flock עֵדֶר ;idle יְמִינִי ; bird עוף ; letter אִגָּרֶת ; desire תַּאֲוָה ;( expanse (and with mercy; carriage congregation (and trouble; strength; grass (and with ); Benjamite; (and with); new; Ty town (and with ); milk (and with ?); ♫ vanity (and with thread (and with ); in sand (and with 2); living (and with ?); ji supreme; pin strong; in thorn; AT fat; pn wrath; Dig ; this הוּא ; dry land חָרָבָה ;( wall (and with חֹמָה ;desert יְשִׁימוֹן .seer חֹזֶה ;dust עָפָר ; Hebreo עִבְרִי ; ram אַיִל ;shepherd רֹעֶה ; dream 2 The meaning of the Hebrew words contained in this and all the following exercises should be carefully committed to memory. § 22. C.-THE NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. GENDERS AND NUMBERS OF NOUNS. 1. The noun has two genders, the masculine and the feminine. Besides the substantives expressing male persons and male animals, those are masculine which designate nations, mountains, rivers, and the people of אֱדוֹם ; bull פַר,governor פֶּחָה ,Joseph יוֹסֵף .months ; e.g Feminine are the names of countries and towns, the limbs and organs of the human and animal body which exist in couples, and of course the nouns to which that gender naturally belongs; e.g. the land of Edom אֱדוֹם ; eine רָחֵל,queen שֶׁגֶל,Deborah דְבוֹרָה (Jer. xlix. 17), in Jericho; ear, wing. 2. Many nouns are both masculine and feminine, or of common gender; עָב ;bread לֶחֶם ;court חָצֵר ;way דֶּרֶךְ ;pine גֶפֶן ;earth, land אֶרֶץ .e.g cloud; and several names of animals, viz. DN viper; oxen and cows; camel; wild ass; flock;d bird; lamb. Some nouns denoting animals have, indeed, exclusively one gender, but are used to express both the male and the female; such epicenes are, for instance, the masculines dog, eagle,ox and cow, יוֹנָה,bee דְבוֹרָה,hare אַרְנָבֶת turtle-done ; and the feminines תור or ♬—; or in N—, 3. The masculine has no characteristic termination. The feminine ends frequently, but by no means uniformly, in if the last consonant of the root is a guttural; or in if the last letter of the corresponding masculine is a quiescent or 1; e.g. uncle― aunt; babe-pi'; yşin worm-nybin; or Л, especially erile. How the feminine is formed גָּלוּת מִצְרִית Egyptian מִצְרִי from the masculine will be explained in a later section (see § 34). 4. There are in Hebrew three numbers—the singular, the dual, and the plural; however, not many substantives, and no adjectives whatever, have the dual (see § 29). 5. With reference to the nature and composition of syllables, the nouns and adjectives exhibit a very great variety; they can in that respect not be thoroughly understood without the aid of etymology and the verb; and it will suffice here to introduce those forms only which represent distinct classes with regard to inflection. (a). Words with unchangeable vowels (§ 17. 1), as Y rock, a Hence, if a nation and the land it inhabits, are expressed by the same noun, they are distinguished by their gender. So, if masculine, is the tribe or people of Judah; if feminine, the land of Judah (Isa. iii. 8; Psa. [31. d Gen. xxx. 39 and Deut. xxviii. from) עַד ; smith (חַרֶשׁ for) חָרָשׁ ; tyre כִּנּוֹר ,garment מַלְבּוּשׁ,boundary .obedience מִשְׁמַעַת,observance מִשְׁמֶרֶת,Ashtarte (אֲשִׁירָה for) אֲשֵׁרָה Ty) witness; or with a feminine termination- tent, girdle, (b). Words with a changeable kamets or tsere in the last and an unchangeable vowel in the preceding syllable; as n corruption, bijudge; or with a feminine termination, as .support מַשְׁעֲנָה ,hammer מַכָּבָה (c). Words with an unchangeable vowel in the ultima and a changeable, kamets or tsere in the penultima; as D' pleasant, faith, flint; the feminines of this form have sh’va mobile in the first syllable, as ', (§ 17. ii. 2). (d). Words with a changeable vowel both in the ultima and the penultima; as P old man, new, heart; the feminines of this class take likewise sh'va mobile in the first syllable, as napi, nyan. (e). Words which have properly the last letter double, dagesh forte being omitted at the end of words (§ 5. 5); e.g. 1 (from ) strength, pure. It is only by the help of (ברר from) בַּר ,sharp (חדר from) חַד derivation that such words can be traced and ascertained. (ƒ). At an early period of the language, there existed in Hebrew a large number of monosyllabic nouns of three letters, having the vowel a or i or o under the the first, and a quiescent sh’va under either of the two last consonants, and a few such words have remained in use, as truth, nard, on sin, No valley. But for the sake of easier pronunciation, by far the greater portion of those nouns was provided with an auxiliary segol under the second letter, or if one of the last two consonants is a guttural, with an auxiliary pathach, in addition to which the original vowel under the first consonant was commonly changed in a similar manner; e.g. vineyard was substi boy נַעַר הִרְשְׁ month for חֹדֶשׁ שִׁבְטְ tribe for שֵׁבֶט ; כַּרְסְ tuted for though a few ;פּעָלְ deed for פֿעַל צִמְךְ produce for צֶמַח ;נַעְרְ for womb. All such רֶחֶם ,bread לֶחֶם ,thumb כֹּהֶן,tent אֹהֶל pathach, as nouns with, a guttural as second letter have also segol, and not words have been called segolate-nouns. They have the tone on the open first syllable, though it is generally short (§ 11. 4. a).—If the third letter is, it rests in chirek, while the first consonant takes sh❜va; Segolate-nouns having a feminine termination generally retain their original vowel, since they require no auxiliary sound, e.g. E |