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PREPOSITIONS, which fix the relations of nouns; then the ADVERBS, which qualify the verb or adjective; the CONJUNCTIONS, which connect different sentences or parts of the same proposition; and, finally, the INTERJECTIONS, being mere exclamations grammatically detached from the structure of the period.

§ 18. OF THE HEBREW ROOTS.

1. The Hebrew roots, like those of the other Shemitic idioms, consist almost invariably of three consonants which form two syllables; e.g. rain, PT green, y

he has ruled,

a

seven.

2. Only a few words, denoting the most necessary or most familiar notions of the language, consist of two letters. They are partly nouns and pronouns, partly adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections.

A still smaller number of verbs and nouns is composed of four or more radical letters.d

3. The consonants imply the fundamental meaning of the root, while all modifications in the sense are expressed by the reduplication or repetition of the consonants, or by a change of vowels, whether with or without quiescent letters, or by the addition of syllables at the beginning (called preformatives) or at the end (called afformatives); e.g. he has ruled, w ruler, upp, nhw rule, 'n? I have ruled; he is strong, strength, hero.-Eleven consonants, contained in the words ', are employed as preformatives and afformatives, and are therefore called servile letters, whereas the other eleven consonants are exclusively radical letters.

אֵיתָן וְכָלֵב nants, contained in the words

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§ 19. THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS AND THE SUFFIXES. I. THE NOMINATIVE.

1. Only the nominative of the personal pronouns consists of distinct words; the remaining cases are conveyed by particles furnished with terminations, which are abbreviated or modified from the nominatives,

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and are called suffixes. The second and the third persons have separate forms for the masculine and the feminine.

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3. If these pronouns stand in pausa, they have the following forms:

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-הֵם; אַתָּן אַתֶּם ; אֲנָחְנוּ ; הִיא הִוּא ; אֶתְּ אָתָּה; אָנֹכִי and אָנִי .(2 .13 $ see) הֵן

II. THE DATIVE.

4. The dative of the personal pronoun is expressed by the preposition? to, with suffixes, in the following manner:

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to us לָנוּ Plural to them לָהֶן to them לָהֶם (to you לָכֶן) | to you לָכֶם

(as

5. In pausa, becomes ; the other forms remain unaltered. 6. It will be seen that the suffixes, as appended to?,

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are:

Their connection with the nominatives is, in some cases, obvious and '; D, 7, and D, ); while, in others, it can only be understood by reference to different or older forms of the nominative (see §§ 51. 3; 38. 2).

7. D and 1, D and are termed heavy suffixes, and invariably have the tone; the others are called light suffixes.

8. In poetry, the termination is not unfrequently employed for the third person plural; but it is considered as a light suffix, and has not the tone, as in to them.

.to לָמוֹ

The kamets under in 1, 0, 0, 1, is required by the laws of the tone (see § 11. 6).

III. THE ACCUSATIVE.

9. The accusative is expressed by nearly the same suffixes as the dative, appended to the word , which is derived from л (or is) sign, and hence involves the demonstrative meaning that:

1st Pers. 2nd Pers. m. 2nd Pers. f. 3rd Pers. m. 3rd Pers. f.

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10. With the exception of, which is changed into, the forms remain unaltered in pausa. is not found in the Books of the Old Testament.

11. Most of the accusatives are also written plene, with a quiescent ♦ in the first syllable, viz. 'ņi8, qņix, qņis, inis, aņis, uņis, oņİN. 12. While the dative has in the third person plural the suffixes Dand, the accusative has Dand, the consonant being omitted, and the vowel changed. Those forms are respectively chosen in accordance with rules which will later be specified (§ 30. Obs. 3). and are regarded as light suffixes.

IV. THE GENITIVE.

13. The genitive may be conveyed by means of the preposition 1 of or from, in the following manner:

1st Pers. 2nd Pers. m.

2nd Pers. f. 3rd Pers. m. 3rd Pers. f.

Sing. of me of thee of thee of him of her

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2

Plural of us of you 1 of you of them of them

14. The etymology of some of these forms is not without difficulty.

,מִמֶּנָּה and ,מִמֶּנּוּ מִמֶּךְ מִמָּךְ, מִמֶּנִּי It may here suffice to observe, that

contain, besides the preposition, also the noun 1 portion, so that, for instance, means literally of my portion.

and

imply regular assimilations instead of

and

(§ 5. 2), while and stand for D and I, the vowel in the first syllable being prolonged on account of the dagesh forte which is omitted in the guttural (§ 16. 1).

Te becomes in pausa; the other forms remain unchanged. 15. It will be seen that the termination of the second person feminine is not, but, and that of the third person masculine not 1, but I (comp. he). is both of him and of us; the con

text must determine in every case which of the two is intended.

V. INDEFINITE PRONOUN.

16. The words be

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some one, or something, are used as an indefinite personal pronoun. They occur always together,a and were, in later times, contracted into one word

b

Various modes of expressing such indefinite pronouns for which no distinct words exist in Hebrew, will be explained in the Syntax.

Translate:

EXERCISE XI.

Of me. To her.-You (nominative and accusative).—To them.— Thou.-Thee. Of us. Of him.-We.-Us.-To us.-He.-Him.— To him. Of her. She.-They. To me.-Her.-To thee. Of thee. -Them. To you.-Of you.-Me.-Of them.-Define preformatives, afformatives, and suffixes, and explain the origin of the suffixes.

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20. THE DEMONSTRATIVE, RELATIVE, AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS; THE DIRECT QUESTION.

2

1. The Demonstrative Pronoun in the masculine of the singular is this, in the feminine this, in the plural, both masculine and feminine, these. Sometimes the personal pronouns are used as demonstratives, namely, N, 7 that, D, those.

who,

2. The Relative Pronoun for all genders and numbers is which. It is sometimes, and chiefly in Ecclesiastes and the Song of Solomon, abbreviated into with dagesh forte (compensativum) in the first letter of the following word, with which it is combined into one, e.g. (Eccl. ii. 21), for, or without dagesh forte, if

a Ruth iv. 1; 1 Sam. xxi. 3; 2 Ki. vi. 8.

b Dan. viii. 13.

the next letter has sh’va or is a guttural, e.g. (Psalm cxliv. 15), 7 (Eccl. iii. 15), y (Eccl. ii. 20).

TT!!!

3. The Interrogative Pronouns are who? and

what? used both for the masculine and the feminine, the singular and the plural. However, is written before the guttural, and often also before

מַה עִירוֹ מַה־הִיא, מַה־חֶפְצוֹ .and y, if not furnished with kamets; e.g

But if,, andy have kamets, is commonly used; e.g. 2, ban, yn (comp. § 16. 9). Before & and 7, the form

מָה רְאִיתֶם מָה אַתֶּם .remains, e.g

Sometimes, however, is before non-gutturals also changed into , whether it is closely connected with the following, word or not;

בַּמֶּה ? why לָמֶה and in the same manner ;מֶה לָהֶם מֶה לִידִידִי .2.9

with what?

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many, occur for , na, nea; e.g. 'aan mas

, both in the sense of what? and how? is often followed by makkeph with dagesh forte (conjunctivum) in the first letter of the next word, to which is thus closely joined, e.g., 1972, vy; and sometimes both words are even contracted into one;

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If the interrogative adverb ', which is equivalent to the longer form where? is placed before a demonstrative pronoun, the latter

אֵי לָזֹאת ? who אֵיזֶה takes the meaning of an interrogative pronoun; as

wherefore? (comp. § 70. 2).

4. The simple direct question is introduced by with chatephpathach (), called interrogativum, which is prefixed to the first word of the sentence; e.g. wilt thou guard? hast thou killed? before sh'va, and before the gutturals N, any vowel except kamets; e.g. NOW, did you say? (Gen. xxvii. 38); did you let live? before those gutturals provided with kamets;

But is changed into ,,y, if furnished with have you forgotten? 778 shall I go? Dr" It is changed into

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