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parallel parts of a proposition, see § 104. 9. a; on nouns and adjectives composed ha, ha, see § 70. 8. 5.

4. not yet is generally construed with the future, even if the action lies in the present or past, as VT (Exod. x. 7) thou dost not yet know; (1 Sam. iii. 3) the lamp of God had not yet gone out; it is but seldom joined with the preterite, as YT (ver. 7) he did not yet know. Comp. § 94. 4.

5. As there exists no proper word for yes, the affirmative is expressed by the repetition of the word to which the answer is chiefly expected,, whether it is a noun, adjective, or verb; e.g. is peace to him? and they said, yes (lit. peace, Gen. xxix. 6); and David said, is the child dead,

שָׁלוֹם

and they said, yes (lit. dead,

and she said,

וַיֹּאמֶר אָנִי

2 Sa. xii. 19); wilt thou go with this man? yes (lit. I will go, Gen. xxiv. 58); art thou my son Esau? "IN"! and he said, yes (lit. I am, xxvii. 24).a—No! is No7, or, or (see § 108. 3). Comp. also §§ 75.7-9; 102.7; 103; 104. 8.

§ 107. III.-THE CONJUNCTIONS.

1. The most important conjunction, both most frequent in use and most various in meaning, is the particle of connection? This circumstance is strongly characteristic of the whole nature and tendency of Hebrew syntax. For it confirms, almost by an external mark, what in preceding sections has repeatedly been proved from the internal structure of the language, that the different propositions and their parts are simply co-ordinated and placed side by side, while their exact or logical relation is in no way intimated, a task which is mainly left to the reader's attention and penetration. The following are the chief significations which may take in the manifold connections in which it occurs.

.Isaiah i) יְהוּדָה וִירוּשָׁלַיִם

(a.) The copulative and, used between two, three, or more words. (b.) Sometimes it is and especially, the, second notion being properly already included in the first, as 777 (Isaiah i. 1) Judah and (especially) Jerusalem; He saved him from the hand of all his enemies, and especially from the hand of Saul (Psalm xviii. 1).

(c.) Even, e.g. he will not allow you to go in sy not even by a strong hand (Exod. iii. 19).

(d.) Namely or and that, introducing an addition to the preceding noun; e. g. in in Ramah, his town; I was silent (Isai. lvii. 11).a

apposition or qualifying (1 Sam. xxviii. 3)

and that from eternity

(e.) Or; e.g. you shall take it (the paschal lamb) ' from the sheep or from the goats (Ex. xii. 5).b

'

(ƒ.) As, like; e.g. D'NİN) DJ? (1 Sam. xii. 15) against you as against your fathers; the ear tries words

tastes food (Job xxxiv. 3).o

DVD as the palate

(g.) But; e.g. no, my lord, but thy servants are come, etc. (Gen. xlii. 10). d

(h) Sometimes it introduces the predicate, as

(Job iv. 6) thy hope—that is the integrity of thy ways.e

(i.) Occasionally it follows after verbs signifying to know, to see,

חיל

or to say, almost in the manner of '; e.g. if thou knowest D that there are among them able men (Gen. xlvii. 6); you are My witnesses that I am God (Isai. xliii. 12).

אל

(k.) And, lastly, it takes, in different connections, the sense of various conjunctions, as although, for, therefore; e.g. thy own mouth reveals thy guilt □y although thou choosest the language

of the cunning (Job xv. 5);f give Thou us help

for vain is the assistance of man (Ps. lx. 13).5

(1.) — ....... — is both ....... and, as there shall be one law

...

...

both to the stranger and the native (Num. ix. 14).h

On with the force of a relative pronoun, see § 80.9; on 1 conversivum, §§ 49, 95, 96.

(m.) Sometimes, however, co-ordinated words are placed together

without the conjunction 1,a which imparts to the, phrase generally a

בֵּין רַגְלֶיהָ כָּרַע נָפַל שָׁכַב .6.9 ;certain emphasis or poetical conciseness

(Judg. v. 27) at her feet he bent, he fell, he lay down; or the enemy said, I will pursue, overtake, divide the spoil, my lust shall be satisfied upon them, I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them (Exod. xv. 9).b

2. ' is―(a.) most frequently that in dependent sentences, after verbs meaning to see, to know, to hear, to say, to tell, to remember, to forget; e.g. D'ON ON (Gen. xxxvii. 4) and

כִּי־אֹתוֹ אָהַב אֲבִיהֶם .forget ; e.g

וַיִּשְׁמַע אַבְרָם כִּי נִשְׁבָּה ;his brothers saw that their father loved him

1' (xiv. 14) and Abram heard that his kinsman was taken captive;c hence also after oaths, as by the life of the Lord (I say or protest) that, etc.;d it then introduces the direct speech also, as and they said to her we will return with thee (Ruth i. 10).f

.Gen) כִּי־מָלְאָה

זן:

הָאָרֶץ

(b.) Because, for; as D1 (Gen. vi. 13) for the earth is filled with violence; hence after the verbs to rejoice, to be angry, to fear, to repent, as D'n'wy '> 'mon! (Gen. vi. 7) I repent

.Gen) מָה רָאִיתָ כִּי עָשִׂיתָ זֹאת that I have created them ;h or so that, as

xx. 10) what didst thou see that thou hast done this?i

(c.) But, after particles of negation, as thou shalt not call her name Sarai, but Sarah shall her name be (Gen. xvii. 15).k

(d.) Although, as

(e.) When, as

the ground.TM

(Ex. xiii. 17) although it was near.1

(Gen. iv. 12) when thou tillest

(f) Indeed, enhancing the force of the word before which it stands, 'JAN2V DP'7 MAY '? (Genesis xxxi. 42) indeed thou wouldst have sent me away empty."

as

Dis used in nearly all the significations in which occurs, as that, for, but; and besides, in the sense of except, unless, if a negation precedes; e.g. I shall not let thee go unless thou bless

me (Gen. xxxii. 27). a

introduces the question, whether the answer no or yes is expected. b 3. that, is in many respects used like '?, namely after the verbs meaning to see, to know, to hear, to say, to find; e.g. Dan '717) 817¬WN (Esth. iii. 4) he told them that he was a Jew; or that, in order that; e.g. thou shalt obey, that it may be well with thee (Deut. vi. 3);d or because, for, as 'n (Gen. xxx. 18) because I have given; or if, as N N'YĮ WN (Lev. iv. 22) if a ruler sins; or when, as (Psalm cxxxix. 15) when I was framed; or as (like ), e.g. DON DO'N WN (Ex. xiv. 13) as you have seen the Egyptians.-Prepositions followed by are converted into conjunctions (§ 71. 1).

e

4. DN-(a.) usually in conditional sentences, if, as W; ON (Job viii. 6) if thou art just; or even if, although, as 'PTY DN (ix. 15) even if I were righteous;k or oh if, in expressing a wish, as yon DN (Ps. lxxxi. 9) oh if Thou wouldest hear me.I

(b.) When, denoting time, as

the jubilee will be.m

(c.) That not, in oaths or solemn protestations, as let the king swear to me inthat he will not kill his servant (1 Ki. i. 51).a

DNDN or DN1D is whether..or; e.g. if he offers an offering,

9.(1 .whether it be a male or female (Lev. iii אִם־זָכָר אִם־נְקֵבָה

On D and DN in direct and indirect interrogation, see § 81. 8, 11. 5. lest, stands after verbs which signify to fear, to take care, to forbid, to prevent, as (Gen. xxxi. 31) take care lest thou speakest; or if one of these verbs is to be supplied, as let us build a town (from fear) lest we be scattered (xi. 4);a or without any verb preceding, at the beginning of sentences implying apprehension or prohibition, as (Job xxxii. 13) do not say; 121 (Gen. iii. 22) he might perhaps stretch out his hand.b

§ 108. IV. THE INTERJECTIONS.

1. The interjections signifying lamentation or menace (§ 72. 2) are either construed, with prepositions, as 7, 7, 7, or with the accu

sative; e.g.

for the day!

woe unto them!

אֶל־,

(Job x. 15) woe to me!

(1 Sam. iv. 8) woe to us!

(Joel i. 15) alas (Jer. 1. 27)

oh 'i'in (Isai. i. 4) ah sinful nation!

2. A wish is introduced by, followed, by the past, or the future, or the imperative (§§ 93.5; 94. 9), as

as

(Gep. xvii. 18) O that Ishmael might live, or □ (§ 107. 4. a), or DN and coupled, AND (Gen. xxiii. 13) if thou only, oh if thou wouldest hear me, or by who! e.g. (2 Sam. xxiii. 15) oh that some one would give me water to drink (lit. who will give me, etc.);d then more strongly by ¡n

(who would give!), either followed by an (Deut. xxviii. 67) would God it were even(Job xxix. 2) oh that I were as in bygone - (Exod. xvi. 3)

months; or by an infinitive, as

would to God we had died in Egypt; or by a finite verb, as YT (Job xxiii. 3) oh that I knew! ©

3. The particle No I pray, come, well, is very frequently used after the imperative, mostly to moderate the sternness of the command, or to impart mildness or submissiveness to a request, as (Job xxxiii. 1) hear, I pray thee, pn (Gen. xxiv. 45) let me drink, I pray thee;f but sometimes rather to enhance its emphasis, as