§ 13. OF THE PAUSA. 1. The last tone-syllable before the end or chief division of a period, that is, the syllable which in accentuated texts has silluk or athnach, or even a distinctive accent of less power, is said to stand "in the pause" or in pausa. As that syllable naturally gains a certain weight and force, its vowel, if short, is changed into the corresponding or a kindred long one, or into some other short vowel that is considered longer or firmer; e.g. becomes 7, A327—1227, 197–107; 190—124, DIV-IW, 7—7). If A sh'va mobile commences the syllable, it is converted into the vowel which in any way is peculiar to the syllable, and then this vowel 2. In some small words which have the tone on the ultima, the accent is removed to the penultima, in order to secure a more emphatic ; אֶתָּה thou אַתָּה אָנֹכִי I becomes אָנֹכִי fall of the voice ; thus 2 : My now-y; and for a similar reason, words ending in have nhy 7 in pausa; thus 73, 77, 78, 78, i, are changed into 7, into, ,(17 .Deut. vi) צַוּךְ into צִוּךְ thus also ;אוֹתָךְ אִתָּךְ עִמָּךְ לָךְ ዕ፣ 77 into (Deut. xxviii. 24), 777 into 777 (Ezek. xxviii. 13, 15), etc. 3. The changes of the pausa are sometimes found not only in syllables with segolta (Jer. xxxi. 8), zakeph-katon (Isai. xxx. 19, etc.), zakephgadol (Eccl. xi. 9), or tiphcha (Judg. xvii. 1), but also in syllables with reviah (1 Sam. viii. 11), pashta (Gen. xli. 50), tevir (Lev. v. 18), geresh (Ezek. xl. 4), great telisha (Deut. v. 14), initial tiphcha (Job ix. 20, 21), and shalsheleth (Isai. xiii. 8). § 14. KERI (P) AND KETHIV (?). 1. When the scholars who revised and finally fixed the text of the Hebrew Scriptures, found one reading in the current manuscripts which then represented the traditional text, but in other copies met with a different reading which they believed to be more genuine or more appropriate, and which they therefore desired to be adopted, they allowed indeed the former to remain in the text, but provided it with the vowels of the latter, the consonants of which they recorded on the margin, accompanied by the word "P (keri), that is, what is read (lectum or legendum); and in contradistinction to this, the reading embodied in the text was called kethiv' ('), what is written. While, therefore, the keri is made up of the consonants found on the margin, and of the vowels attached to the word in the text, the vowels belonging to the kethiv must be supplied by the reader. For instance, in Judg. i. 27, the text has, but the margin gives the letters ; the keri is, therefore, ', while the kethic is vocalised. 2. The name of God 1, deemed too sacred to be pronounced, is always provided with the vowels of ", except that the ' has a simple instead of a compound sh'va, viz., which is by Jews invariably spoken ådonay. It implies, therefore, in reality a combination, of keri and kethiv. However, if preceded by ', it is read and written with the vowels of this latter word, viz. y. § 15. OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN KAMETS AND KAMETS CHATUPH. 1. It is an essential inconvenience, that the long a (kamets) and the short o (kamets chatuph) are represented by the same sign (†); but it cannot be difficult to distinguish between both in every individual case.-Namely, the kamets is Ŏ: 1. If it is accompanied by sh’va, part of a compound sh'va (§ 4. 4), e.g. 2. In the two words ' and ' since short vowels only form TIT tsori; hence also .(4 .4 $ see) שֶׁרָשִׁים קָדָשִׁים because they were orginally written TT: 3. If it stands in an open syllable immediately before chatephkamets, because in the majority of such cases it was properly sh'va mobile, which has, however, been changed into a short vowel on account of the following compound sh'va (§ 4. 6. a, d; 11. 4. b); e.g. 4. If it originally stood before chateph-kamets, which, by some change in the word, gave way to a full, vowel in a closed syllable, e.g. Dmo-os-chem, from DN; po-ol-cha, from '; to-ov'-d'em, from 7. 5. If it stands in a syllable both closed and unaccentuated (see § 11. 4. d), that is, (a). In words which have the tone on the last syllable, before a sh'va quiescens; e.g. n toph-teh, ni mosh-ch'ath. But if the sh'va is mobile, the syllable is open and therefore long, and then ▾ is pronounced ā, as is indicated by the metheg employed in such cases ga-shepheh. The same rules hold יָשְׁפָה,ka-theow כָּתְבוּ .e.g ; (3 .10 ) זן : good if the syllables belong to different words connected by makkeph (§ 10. 4); e.g. yimshol-bach, but i sa-melo, since it is equivalent to . The metheg is, however, no criterion in the second syllable from the tone, because it may, in that place, accompany short as well as long syllables (§ 10. 1); e.g. D k'or-banchem. (b). In words with the tone on the penultima, in the last syllable, if closed, e.g. Dil van-na-s'ov. (c). In a toneless syllable before dagesh forte, e.g. ron-ne, because it is equivalent to 7 (§ 5. 1). ~ 2. In all other cases + is the long kamets ; namely, in open syllables, whether they have the tone or not, have a quiescent letter or not; and in tone-syllables whether they be closed or followed by EXERCISE IX. Read the following words: The tone is on the last syllable, except where otherwise marked. TT:IT inyh, navp, Daba, mapy, nany, niam, nbash, dus jwap, aw, nnp, nbb, danp, uni, duboi § 16. OF THE GUTTURALS. As the gutturals cause considerable deviations from the regular inflection of words, it seems desirable to give a systematic survey of their properties, though some peculiarities have already been noticed in earlier chapters. 1. The gutturals, included, do not admit of re-duplication (§ 5. 4); however, to compensate the syllable for the weight it loses by the omission of dagesh forte, the preceding vowel is usually changed into the corresponding or a cognate long one, namely, (a). Pathach into kamets; e.g. instead of ; (b). Segol or chirek into tsere or long chirek; e.g. 7, ין instead מֵעֲבֹר ; מִן־רֹאשׁ instead of מֵרֹאשׁ ;תִּרְאֶה אֶרְאֶה instead of of (see § 5. 2); and (c.) Kibbuts into shurek or cholem ; e.g. 7 instead of 9. (d). Thus, also, the form is to be explained, which has the vowels of (for), and is pronounced me-'ad'o-nay (§14. 2). A compensation of this kind is the more necessary, as otherwise open syllables with short vowels would frequently be formed, as ,, which is against the laws of the tone (§ 11. 4. a, b). 2. But the dagesh in and is often omitted without any כְּהֵן ; הַדּוֹד instead of הַהוֹד .alteration of the preceding vowel; e.g instead of ,רַחֵם and רִחַם ; הַחֶרֶב instead of הַחֶרֶב כְּהֵן instead of and I are, in such ה The .מִן־חוּץ instead of מִחוּץ ;רַחֵם and רִחַם cases, described as having dagesh forte "implied" or "hidden," or dagesh forte implicitum or occultum. 3. Instead of sh'va mobile, the gutturals, not included, take a compound sh'va (-:, :::, or τ:, § 4. 4). At the beginning of words, П, and y, have usually, e.g.,, nity; while & mostly takes :::, e.g., though in longer words it has also :, as DAMON. Sh'va quiescens, however, may stand under П, y, and Я, and sometimes even under N, e.g. Dan, niya, 'an, 778; but it is frequently replaced by compound sh'va, e.g., Säng, juy), Dua), for T, San, Y), DUNT. 4. If two moveable sh'vas occur successively, whether at the beginning or in the middle of a word, and one of them is sh'va compositum, D the first of the two is converted into the short vowel contained in the compound sh’va,, while the second,sh'va remains; e.g. '?ŋ, i’?n 7 into 77 (Isaiah xliii. 1), DONNY into DONNY (Num. xxxii. 24; comp. §§ 4. 6. a, d; 17. iii. 1).-If both sh'vas would be compound, sometimes the vowel of the first, and sometimes that of the אֶעֶוֹר into אֶעֶוֹר אָהֲלוֹ is changed into אֶהֶלו .second prevails; eg 5. If one of the gutturals, П, y, stands at the end of a word after any long vowel except kamets, it is almost impossible not to sound before it a short auxiliary a, which is hence called furtive pathach or pathach furtivum; e.g. hag'-beah', siuch',koach', y ruahh (§ 3. 2); but П is ch'ach', bah'. 6. As a rule, the gutturals show a tendency to be articulated with the sound a, to which they indeed bear a certain affinity of pronunciation; for not only are the short vowels chirek and segol, if preceding a guttural, constantly changed into pathach, but sometimes the long vowels tsere and cholem undergo the same alteration, and then the pathach furtivum, of course, disappears; e.g. stands for 7. Occasionally even the vowel succeeding the guttural is influenced by that tendency and is converted into pathach, e.g. Dy is used for but this is neither uniformly nor ;נְהָג for נְהַג יִשְׁאֹל for יִשְׁאַל יִרְעם ח and the strong ;מוֹאֶסֶת תִּמְעַל תִּמְעַל necessarily the case, as Sypn, Supa, especially retains, in most instances, its long vowels, as WE, DOIN. 8. In the first syllable, the vowel segol is often employed before or after a guttural, where chirek would stand in ordinary cases; e.g. -the chirek, however, remains gene ;חִלְקֵי for חֶלְקֵי יַעֲשַׁר for יֶעְשַׁר חֶזְיוֹן but חִצְיוֹן ; עֶשְׂרוֹנִים but ,עֲשָׂרוֹן rally before dagesh forte, as TI 2 9. Gutturals provided with kamets frequently cause the pathach of the preceding syllable to be changed into segol; this is especially the case with, if containing dagesh forte implicitum, e.g. ' (but '), (for ), and, under the same condition, with ♫ and , if these syllables have not the tone, e.g. Tine, ve (for 77, 1), whereas if they have the tone, the pathach of the preceding syllable becomes kamets, e.g., ; for in the second place from the tone, a shorter vowel is naturally preferred.—The syllable exercises but rarely an influence on the preceding vowel. |