and this is always the case if the same noun has two possessive pronouns; e. g. 7) NY (Gen. xxv. 19) your and your father's flock (comp. Lev. xxvi. 39).

subject for the sake of emphasis (§ 75. 1), yet, agree occasionally with

etc., sometimes follow the,הִיא,הוא The demonstrative pronouns .4

.Lev. xxv) בָּתֵּי עָרֵי הַלְוִיִם הִוא אֶחְזָתָם .2.9 ;(19 .77 $) the predicate

T

33) the houses of the towns of the Levites, that is their possession.

5.

has often adverbial force, signifying here, now, or already;

וְהָיָה זֶה שָׁלוֹם ;Nu. xiii. 17) go up here southwards) עֲלוּ זֶה בַּנֶּגֶב .e.g וַיְנָסוּ אֹתִי זֶה עֶשֶׂר פְּעָמִים ; Mic. v. 4) and then there will be peace)

(Num. xiv. 22) they have tempted Me now these ten times; 'nwy ni

(Gen. xxxi. 38) these twenty years; or it points strongly to the

מַה־זֶה תּאמְרוּ .words with which it is brought into connection; e.g

No (Judg. xviii. 24) how can you then say to me?by ni nay (1 Ki. xvii, 24) now indeed do I know; and so 2 (Gen. xxv. 22)

5. In a few instances the demonstrative pronoun is expressed by the article, which indeed has properly demonstrative force ($ 83);

מה

Esth. vii. 5) who is he, and where) מִי הוּא זֶה וְאֵי זֶה הוּא ? why then ? Sam. x. 11) what has happened 1) מַה־זֶה הָיָה ?as he

הַפַּעַם ; this year הַשָּׁנָה ; this might הַלַּיְלָה ; this day, to-day הַיּוֹם

-as relative pro זֶה as adverbs, 8 70. 5, 6; about מִזֶּה בָּזֶה זֶה about

;e

this time (Gen. ii. 23). — About ♫ in the same sense see § 76. 3;

noun, § 80. 8; about preceded by as interrogative pronoun, § 81.7; about as indefinite pronoun, § 82. 12.

a Comp.xxvii. 36; xliii. 10; 1 Sam. x.11; 2 Ki.i. 5; v. 22; Ps. xxiv.8,10; xxix. 3; Zech. vii. 3, 5, Job xxxviii. 2; Lam. iii, 37.

§ 80. THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

1. The construction of the relative pronoun offers a striking illustration of the chief feature of Hebrew syntax, the simple co-ordination of the parts of a period. The relative sentence is expressed as an independent statement, but is introduced by the unchangeable par

dependence; e. g. the priest whom he will anoint, is in Hebrew the

to mark its character of connection and ,(2 .20 $ ,שֶׁ or) אֲשֶׁר ticle

.Lev. xvi) הַכֹּהֵן אֲשֶׁר־יִמְשַׁח אֹתוֹ,he will anoint him - אֲשֶׁר- priest

32); the general whom the king has sent, is the general--the king has sent him en inbw xn (Isai. xxxvii. 4); a nation

גוֹי אֲשֶׁר לֹא־תִשְׁמַע לְשֹׁנוֹ achose language thou wilt not understand הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר־הָיָה שָׁם Deut. xxvii. 49); the place where his tent toas) הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר Gen. xiii. 3); the man in chose honour he delights) אָהָלוֹ בָּרֶד אֲשֶׁר לֹא־הָיָה כָמֹהוּ בְּמִצְרַיִם Esth. vi. 6); and so) חָפֵץ בִּיקָרוֹ

זן:་

(Exod. ix. 18) hail such as has not been in Egypt; - JOINI

Isai. vii. 16) the land before the two kings of which) קָץ מִפְּנֵי שְׁנֵי מְלָכֶיהָ

thou tremblest. Thus even the first and second persons of the personal

of

אֲנִי יְהוָה pronouns or sufixes may form part of relative sentences, as Ezek. xi. 12) I am the Lord, in whose statutes) אֲשֶׁר בְּחַכֵּי לֹא הֲלַכְתֶּם

Isai. xlix. 3) thou) עַבְדִּי אַתָּה אֲשֶׁר בְּךָ אֶתְפָּאֵר ; you have not walked

אֲחָה אֲדֹנָי אֲשֶׁר עֵינֶיךָ פְקְחוֹת ;art My servant in whom I will be glorified

Comp. 1 Sam. x. 24; Isai, xxx. 13; lxvi, 13. etc., etc.

(Jer. xxxii. 19) oh God whose eyes are opened, etc.; and in this manner every particle, with a suffix may obtain relative force, as

; in whom אֲשֶׁר בָּהֶם ; to whom אֲשֶׁר לוֹ אֲשֶׁר לְךְ אֲשֶׁר לִי ,wherenith אֲשֶׁר עָמוֹ ;thereon אֲשֶׁר עָלָיו ; from whom אֲשֶׁר מִמֶּנּוּ .before ohom, etc אֲשֶׁר לִפְנֵיהֶם

2. It follows from the character of the relative sentences as just described, that the connecting particle is separated from the personal pronoun or the preposition belonging to it. Hence comlike,

are not to be translated to whom ,מֵאֲשֶׁר בַּאֲשֶׁר לַאֲשֶׁר binations like

or to which, in whom or in which, from whom or from which; but they imply an ellipsis of a demonstrative pronoun, and mean to him who or to those who, or to that which, etc., as has been explained above (§ 79. 3); e.g. the field shall return to him from whom he bought it (Lev. xxvii. 24); - (Jer. xv. 4) on account of that which he did; or they imply the ellipsis of some

; בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר is where,b for בַּאֲשֶׁר time; hence עֵת,place מָקוֹם noun, as אֶל־אֲשֶׁר .Isai) מִן־הָעֵת אֲשֶׁר since, for מֵאֲשֶׁר ; whither עַל־אֲשֶׁר

or

C

xliii. 4); (Gen. xxxix. 9) from the reason that, because (see also No. 4).

3. The nominative of the relative pronoun is simply rendered by WN (§ 20.2); e. g. N N VNT the man who will come,

.the lips that speak אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּרְנָה

.Gen) אָדָם אֲשֶׁר־בָּרָאתִי .the suffix of the verb being omitted; e.g

4. The accusative whom or which is likewise often so expressed,

vi. 7) the man whom I have created; TWY-WN DEIRO (xiii. 4) the altar which he had made there; but also by, which does not refer to the preceding noun but means he whom, or that which, or what (comp. No. 2); e.g. thou shalt anoint (1 Sam. xvi. 3) him whom I shall name to thee;

Spy (1 Sam. xv. 2) I remember that which Amalek did to Israel; ♫ (Num. xxii. 6) he whom thou blessest

5. But

is, like the relative pronoun in English, very frequently left out, especially when it represents the accusative, or when a preposition with a suffix follows (as i, i, 1, etc.); more rarely when it is the nominative, and then principally if the noun to which

.Lam) הֵבֵאתָ יְוֹם קָרָאתָ .9 .it refers has not the definite article; e

i. 21), Thou hast brought the day (which) Thou hast announced; i 1-1 (Job iii. 3) the day (on which) I was born; 75: py (Isai. liv. 1) a barren woman who has not borne;'yi' as by (xxx. 6) a people that does not help; (Genesis xv. 13) in

(4.Exod. ix) מִכָּל־לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל ; a land which does not belong to them

of everything that belonged to the children of Israel.a In such instances the looseness of the syntactical structure becomes often remarkably manifest.b

6. Sometimes is even omitted together with the demonstrative pronoun (§ 79.3); e.g. Dispo q'pi' nya pi' (Eccl. i. 18) and he who increases knowledge increases sorrow; Davin (Isai. xli. 24) an abomination is he who chooses you; 37 myy Duis pas (x1.29) to them that have no might He increases strength; (Jer. li. 3) against him who bends the bow; him who raises himself; bbw

קוּם

לֹא-יוֹעִילוּ

(ibid.) against (Jer. ii. 8) they walk

מְקוֹם לֹא־יָדַע אֵל

after those who do not profit (comp. ver. 11); (Job xviii. 21) the place of him who does not know God; (Ex. iv. 13) by the hand of any one whom Thou wilt send; -> (Lam. i. 14) in the hands of those whom I cannot resist ; 77 (Prov. viii. 32) happy are those (literally, happiness of those) who keep My ways (comp. § 87.8.g); NSS 777) (Is. lxv. 1) I responded to those who did not ask; ɔwɔ ɔɔ ny?) (ibid.) I offered Myself to those who did not seek Me; Nig (Job xxiv. 19) the grave (carries off) those who have sinned; y

(2 Chr. xvi. 9) with those whose heart is perfect towards

Him; and even i ny ing nin! (Isaiah xlviii. 14) he whom the Lord loves, will accomplish his desire.a

7. It is, lastly, sometimes omitted together with the noun to which it refers, and which must be supplied from the context (No. 2); e. g. you shall bring up the ark of the Lord in to the place which I have prepared for it (1 Chr. xv. 12); in the π place which David prepared for it (2 Chr. i. 4).b

8. In poetical diction, the demonstrative pronoun (or N and it Ps. cxxxii. 12) is occasionally employed as a relative pronoun, and may then, like, and analogous to the English that, refer both to the singular and plural, the masculine and feminine; a usage which probably originated in that tendency towards simple co-ordination evident

.Prov) שְׁמַע לְאָבִיךְ זֶה יְלָדֶךְ .8.9 ;(1 .No) אֲשֶׁר in the construction of

xxiii. 22) listen to thy father who begat thee (lit. he begat thee);

foot been ensnared;
are turned against me;

(Ps. ix. 16) in the net which they hid has their

Zion on which Thou hast dwelt.c

(Job xix. 19) those I loved

77 (Ps. lxxiv. 2) the mount

9. Sometimes the relative sentence is even joined to the principal part of the period merely by the connecting particles and '; e.g. I rescue is in the orphan who has no friend (Job

xxix. 12);

Kain has slain.d

(Gen. iv. 25) instead of Abel whom

10. And as the article has properly also demonstrative meaning, it is sometimes, though chiefly in later, Books, likewise employed to indicate relative sentences; e.g. i-ii (Gen. xxi. 3) his son who was born to him; 'N (Josh. x. 24) the men who

went with him;, and 1 (Ezr. x. 14, 17) all who had brought back; p (1 Chr. xxvi. 28) all that he had

consecrated;

(Gen. xviii. 21) who came; (Ruth iv. 3) who returned; or with the omission of the demonstrative pronoun (No. 2)—¡'byn! piwin (1 Sam. ix. 24) the shoulder and that which

Comp. Jer. xlviii. 36; Hosea i. 2; Hab. ii. 6; Ps. lxv. 5; lxxxi. 6; Job xxxiv. 32; Neh. viii. 10; see Hom. II. i. 230.

b Compare Judg. xvii. 8; 1 Kings xviii. 12; Ruth i. 17.

c Ex. xv. 13; Isai. xxv. 9; xlii. 24; xliii. 21; Ps. lxxviii. 54; civ. 8, 26; cxlii. 4; Job x. 2; xv. 17; xvii. 9; xxxii. 8.

d Comp. iii. 19; Isal. xxx. 1 (counsels

.(which are not from Me וְלֹא מְנִי