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know then; also, even;, also. (comp. Lev. xxiv. 44), D.....D

דְעוּ אֵפוֹא ? where then אַיֶה אֵפוֹא ? who then מִי אֵפוֹא joined, as

Psalm) כְּאַיִן כִּמְעַט ; or not) perhaps או לא for) אוּלַי ;both ...and

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,Ps. undesirable) לֹא־טוב .e.g ; בְּלִי בַּל

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(Proverbs

lxxiij. 2) almost; No (Ni Isa. xvi. 14), N,N, DON (Isa. liv. 15),
be, '?, 'n? (1 Sam. xx. 26) not; 'N, shortened from ', is used
in compound nouns and adjectives, as, in English, the syllables un
and dis; e.g. Ti' (1 Sam. iv. 21) dishonour, 'P (Job. xxii. 30)
unclean; and in the same manner are sometimes employed, SN,
3,7; e.g. - (Ps. xxxvi. 5) undesirable,
xii. 28) deathlessness, (Prov. xxiv. 23) unfair,
repute. Further, 77, DEN (Num. xxii. 35) only, however;
however, on the contrary; yet, nevertheless (Jer. v. 2).—Some ad-
verbs have both an affirmative and negative, or at least restrictive, sense,
as p, 1, or shortened, indeed and only, in truth and on the
contrary (Gen. xliii. 21; Dan. x. 7, 21). The negative meaning seems
to be of later usage.

dis

On the vowels, with which, under various circumstances, is provided, see §§ 11. 6; 16. 4; 17. iii. 1, 3; on the changes it causes before the article, § 21. 5, and before the infinitive of Niphal and Hiphil, § 47. 2. On adverbs with suffixes see § 33.

§ 71. III.-THE CONJUNCTIONS.

1. The conjunctions also are, for the greatest part, properly nouns. Few, however, are directly taken from substantives, as ÌN (wish, choice) or, (turning away) lest. In most cases they are derived from prepositions and adverbs, generally by adding the particles or, both of which are properly pronouns, indicating a relation between propositions or their parts; e.g. i till his arrival, but

-instead תַּחַת till he comes; and so עַד־כִּי יָבוֹא or עַד־אֲשֶׁר יָבוֹא instead of that which) because. But sometimes) תַּחַת כִּי or תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר

these particles are omitted, so that the conjunctions coincide with prepositions or adverbs, as - (Josh. ii. 22) till they returned, and so (Gen. xxxi. 20) because, 8, 7, (Job xlii. 7; 1 Sam. v. 9) after, (Num. xx. 12) since, as, ? in order that,

xii. 22) while,, ¡ND since, lest, so that not (Deut. xxxiii. 11); and

.Sam 2) בְּעוֹד,whenever מִדִי,because בַּעֲבוּר עֵקֶב (26 .Job xxxiv)

עַל־כֵּן,before בְּטֶרֶם טֶרֶם,when כְּמוֹ,if not, unless אוּלַי the adverbs

because.

2. The most frequent conjunction is (perhaps kindred with 1 peg, link), which is used not only to denote the simple connection and, but a great variety of relations corresponding to or, but, for, because, so that, as will be more fully shown in the Syntax (§ 107, 1) The principal other conjunctions are :—

1. Of TIME: D, □ before; IND, IN-1 (Jer. xliv. 8) since; □N, ‘I, ID? (Gen. xix. 15) when; Ty, Ty (Cant. i. 12), -78, ON-TV, DNTNT (Gen. xxviii. 15), TY while, till, when finally

,אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר אַחַר אַחַר אֲשֶׁר ;as long as, while בְּעוֹד ;(22 .Sam. i 1) ,whenever מְדֵי ;after אַחֲרֵי

(לוּ־לא perhaps אוּלַי perhaps ; (אם־לו for) אַלוּ ; unless כִּי־אִם לוּלֵי

or

2. Of WISH and CONDITION: ON,, (b) is, bth (for No5-15)

that.

3. Of CAUSE, END, and EFFECT:, because, for; N, NE

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as, because, since; ?, ? in order that;, lest, so
that not, chiefly after notions of obstacle or apprehension; ♬
(Jer xxiii. 14) so that not.

או

İN

4. Of CONTRAST and CORRESPONDENCE: I or, or that, iN.....iN whether,..or;, N (Exod. xiv. 13), ‡ (Isai. lxi. 11) just as, ney (Eccl. v. 15) entirely so as; but; liii. 9; Job xvi. 17) although, ON ' only that, 28) but, DD whether ...or (Ex. xix. 13), (Latin nedum);

...

Da, DN, Y (Isai. 'DEN (Num. xiii.

how much more

even if, even though (Job xix. 4; Ps. xliv. 10). On the vowels which and may in certain cases assume, see §§ 4. 6. c; 11.6; 16.4; 17. iii. 1, 3; and on the particles introducing direct and indirect questions, §§ 20. 4; 81.

§ 72. IV. THE INTERJECTIONS.

1. Most of the proper interjections are not originally words referable to distinct or perfect roots, but imitative sounds, intended instinctively to echo spontaneous impressions or feelings, as M,

.describing exultation and joy הֵידָד הֶאָח ; expressing fear ,אֲהָהּ

Such ejaculations include perhaps the most primitive efforts of the

language. They consist mostly of the simplest and weakest letters, as N, 7, 1, ', variously combined, and then strengthened by the addition of harder letters, especially the liquids and 》, and the guttural П.

Besides these onomatopoetic sounds, there occur small words of difficult etymology, and a few other terms of more perfect formation, chiefly imperatives and adjectives.

2. The principal interjections are

1. Of FEAR or PERPLEXITY: (Ezek. xxx. 20), 8, у (Ezek. vi. 11) ah!

2. Of Joy or EXULTATION: 7, 777 (Isaiah xvi. 19), "7 (Isai. xviii. 1) hurra! huzza!

3. Of LAMENTATION and GRIEF: (Eccl. x. 16), 'İN, 7i8 (Psa. cxx. 5) woe! alas! (compare the noun wailing), 1n (Am. v. 16), 17, 1 (Prov. xxiii. 19), involving deep and doleful sounds; or more strongly, (Job x. 15).

4. Of SUPPLICATION: pray (perhaps contracted from ' prayer, see our Commentary on Exodus, p. 68), N, placed after the word which has the stress, N, Nah! pray!

5. Of MENACE: "8 (Num. xxi. 29) woe!

6. Of APPEAL and EXHORTATION: (Gen. xlvii. 23), jm, an (here, with suffixes here am I, here art thou, etc., § 33. i. 9),

הָבוּ הָבָה רָאָה imperative Kal of) רְאֵה behold! and so הִנֵּה זֶה

!go! come לְכוּ

(imperat. Kal of

to give, age! agite!),,?, ? go! come! "D" (Isaiah lii. 11; Lam. iv. 15), NY NY (2 Sam. xvi. 7) away! away! DI, D (imperat. Piel of p, Hab.

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parise! up!

ii. 19; Neh. viii. 11) silence! sh! enough! 7. Of WISH: 5,, ', in

oh! would that!

adjective

אַל־נָא

(properly who will give!)

the) חָלִילָה

8. Of DEPRECATION and CONFIRMATION: (properly the profane, with paragog.) God forbid! far be it! no! pray, no! (Gen. xviii. 5; xix. 2, 18; xlii. 10, 12; Ruth i. 13); (firm, faithful), or more emphatically DN, JPN) 1PN, be it so! may it come true! amen!

or

,אָמֵן

EXERCISES FOR REPETITION.

EXERCISE LXXXII,

Analyse and translate the words of the first Chapter of the Book of Ruth (printed on pp. 37, 38), with the exception of the following, which are anomalous, and which will be more fully explained in the Second Part of the Grammar.

יוֹם

(vers. 1, 19) It was (third pers. sing. masc. of the apocopated future Kal of to be with conversive); ''? (ver. 1) in the days of (stat. constr. plur. of Di day--with the prefix ?, see § 17. iii. 1); nn? (ver. 6) to give (constr. infinit. Kal of in, contracted from an, with 2, § 11. 6); } (ver. 9) he will or may give (third pers. sing. masc. future Kal of ¡n, with tsere in the last syllable instead of cholem or pathach); ni? (ver.12) from being (constr. infin. Kal of ♫♫ to be—i—with the preposition for 1 § 5. 2, instead of § 16. 2);

(ver. 13) you will be shut up (second pers. plur. fem. future Niphal of

; 3.6 $ וַתִּשָּׂאנָה ver. 14) scriptio defectiva for) וַתִּשֶׂנָה ;(תֵּעָגַנְנָה instead of עָנָן

NAI (ver. 18) and she saw (third pers. fem. sing. of the apocopated future Kal of, with tsere in the first syllable instead of chirek, § 67.9); D'AY (ver. 19) both of them, for '; (ibid.) their coming, for ¡ia; (ver. 20) scriptio defectiva instead of

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; (ibid.) he has dealt bitterly

.(הֵמַר instead of ,מרר past Hiphil of)

EXERCISE LXXXIII.

"T

1. What is the absol. state of ?—2. The constr. state of '—3. In (?) the famine (27), from (1?) the famine.—4. In my land, into the land ().-5. He will go (2).-6. His men ().-7. Her houses (2).(N).—5. 8. My bread ().-9. The gender of Judea.-10. The past Kal of to dwell.-11. field in plur. with suffixes.-12. His wives, their wives ().-13. The fem. of ".-14. The sons of Elimelech.-15. My name, their name.-16. Your men. -17. Thy wife.-18. Twelve, Two hundred.19. The future Hophal of Ni to come.—20. The past Niphal of 7 to be.21.. The first pers. sing. of future Hiphil with suffix. of D to die.-22. The infinitives of to remain.-23. The eighth, the tenth.-24. The future Kal of N to bear.—25. The wives of the sons of Naomi.—26. The one daughterin-law (2).-27. The fut. Hiphil of to sit.-28. Where? From where?— 29. Like the ten kings.-30. The future Kal of D to die.-31. Both...and.32. The numbers 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70.—33. The participles of -34. To the women.—35. child in plural with suff.-36. With (?) the men.-37. The participles of DP to rise.-38. ? daughter-in-law in sing. with suffixes.-39. The second pers. masc. sing. of future Hiphil with suff. of to return.-40. Infinitive and imperative Hiphil of V to hear.-41. The masc. sing. of the imperat. Kal with suffix. of TP to remember. -42. In (2) the nations (D).-43. The future Niphal of in to give.-44. To us, to you.—

45. D bread in sing. with suff.—46. The past Hiphil of to go out.47. 1? from with suffixes.-48. The place (Dipp) of his dwelling (infinit. Kal of ). —49. Another form for who or which.- 50. You have been ().-51. The numbers 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91, 104, 117, 130.— 52. Dy with with suffixes.-53. The future Hiphil of 727 to go.-54. 77 way in plur. with suffixes.-55. Participle Kal and Hiphil of to return, masc. and fem.-56. to with suffixes.-57. In the land, from the land.— 58 Imperative Kal of to say,—59. Once, twice, a hundred times.-60. The past Hiphil of -61. His mother (DN).-62. Future Niphal of my to do.-63. To the Lord (nin?; §§ 14. 2, 17. iii. 1).—64. 7ņ mercy in plur. with suffixes.-65. Participle Kal and Niph. of -66. Second pers. masc. sing. of future Hiphil with suff. of D to die.-67. Plural masc. imperat. Kal of N to find with suff.-68. To my rest ().-69. Future Hiphil of p to kiss.-70. Future Piel of to weep.-71. with with suffix.-72. Her dlaughter, her daughters.-73. Future Kal of ? to be old.—74. I hope in singular with suff.—75. Second person masc. sing. of future Piel of 7 to be great.-76. bitter in fem. and plural.-77. 7 hand in dual with suffixes.78. Future Kal of P to cling.-79. П (§ 31. viii. 2).-80. Future Hiphil of V to strike.-81. Imperative Niphal of to forsake.-82. Future Kal of 1 to stay over night.—83. To thy God (D)-84. Future Kal of to bury.-85. Past Hiphil of D to increase.-86. n death in sing. with suff.-87. Future Niphal of 77 to separate.-88. i'? between with suff.-89. Future Hiphil of 1 to be strong.— 90. Past Hiphil of to cease.—91. Imperative Piel of 777 to speak.— 92. T till with suff.-93. Past Kal and future Hiphil of Nia to come.— 94. Future Niphal and Hiphil of D to disturb.—95. upon with suffixes. 96. Future Hiphil of to be bitter.-97. Sing. masc. imperative Kal of P to call.-98. Future Niphal and Piel of to afflict.-99. Past and future. Hiphil of ÿÿ to be evil.—100. Name all the regular verbs which occur in the Chapter, including those with gutturals; further, all the verbs "V, J", "", -101. All the pronouns and their meanings.-102. And so the prepositions.-103. The adverbs.-104. The conjunctions.

ליה and,ע"ו

sister-in-law in sing. with suffixes

EXERCISE LXXXIV.

על

Analyse the words of the following Chapter (the second of the Book of Ruth), and try to discover the anomalous forms which it includes.

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